Pilze, Pollen und Pflanzen

Den bei weitem größten Teil der Land-Biomasse machen Pilze und Pflanzen aus. Ein großer Teil davon ist noch nicht einmal sichtbar, weil er sich tief unter der Erdoberfläche verbirgt. Das grüne Reich des fruchtbaren Lebens erstreckt sich bis tief hinein ins Erdreich, wo es eine einzigartige Lebensgemeinschaft aus Pflanzen, Pilzen, Mikroorganismen, Wirbellosen und auch einigen kleinen Wirbeltieren bildet. Pflanzen stellen für alle Landtiere den Grundpfeiler der Nahrungskette dar.

Ohne Pflanzen könnte kein einziges Tier auf der Erde leben. Aber auch viele Pflanzen sind Abhängig von ihren tierischen Mitbewohnern: der stetige Abfraß der Blätter bringt diese überhaupt erst zum Sprießen, der Dung der Tiere reichert den Boden mit für die Pflanzen lebenswichtigen Nitraten an und die Grabaktivität unter der Erde verteilt diese Nährstoffe. Insbesondere Blütenpflanzen sind zudem auf Insekten als Bestäuber angewiesen, ohne die sie sich nicht vermehren könnten.

Insbesondere in der Kreidezeit kam den Pflanzen eine ganz besondere Rolle zu. Sie war eines der grünsten Zeitalter der gesamten Erdgeschichte, mit einer unwahrscheinlich hohen Artenzahl an unterschiedlichen Spezies von Pflanzen, die unsere heutige Flora im Hinblick auf die Artenvielfalt deutlich übertraf. Hier wollen wir die Welt der Pilze und Pflanzen einmal genauer unter die Lupe nehmen. Und wir unternehmen auch eine kulinarische Reise in die Kreidezeit: Welche von ihnen waren essbar? Und was für Köstlichkeiten konnte man schon damals sammeln und genießen?

Bäume und Wälder

Die dominierenden Pflanzen in der Kreidezeit waren zunächst noch urtümliche Vertreter der Pflanzenwelt, wie zum Beispiel die Ginkgo-Bäume, die noch erheblich älter sind als die Dinosaurier und bereits lange vor ihrem Erscheinen auf der Erde wuchsen. Die größten Baumriesen stellten im Maastrichtium die Nadelbäume dar: Koniferen, Zypressen, Araukarien, und vor allem die gewaltigen Mammutbäume waren die höchsten Bäume, die in der Kreidezeit wuchsen. Am Waldboden gab es dagegen vor allem Farne, Palmfarne und Moose; Gräser waren in der Kreidezeit noch ausgesprochen selten. An Fluss- und Seeufern fand man häufig Schachtelhalme, die damals noch erheblich größer werden konnten als heute. Diese urtümlichen Pflanzen kamen auch gut mit Temperatur- und Witterungsunterschieden zurecht und hatten bereits mehrere große Artensterben überstanden, abgesehen von ihrer Größe sogar nahezu unverändert.

Die (R)evolution der Blütenpflanzen

Schon in der frühen Kreidezeit hatte die Natur allerdings einen ganz neuen Meilenstein in der Evolution der Pflanzenwelt gesetzt, denn in dieser Epoche begann die Entwicklung der Blütenpflanzen. Der große Vorteil dieser neuen Pflanzenfamilie war ihre erfolgreiche Partnerschaft mit den Insekten, die sie bereits in der Unterkreide begannen. Blütenpflanzen und die für ihre Verbreitung zuständigen Insekten revolutionierten die Ökosysteme auf der ganzen Welt. Die Symbiose zwischen Tier und Pflanze ging im Maastrichtium bereits so weit, dass einige Pflanzen nur von Insekten bestäubt und einige Insekten wie die Schmetterlinge nur vom Nektar der Blüten leben konnten. Die Blütenpflanzen profitierten durch ihre neue Form der Fortpflanzung und der damit verbundenen hohen Reproduktionsrate. Sie hatten zudem die Möglichkeit, ihre Samen über weite Strecken hin auszubreiten. So konnten sie schnell neue Lebensräume für sich erobern.

In der Welt von Tyrannosaurus und Triceratops gab es bereits üppige und fantastische Landschaften aus Blumenwiesen und blühenden Sträuchern. Malven, Rosen, Magnolien und Tulpenbäume versahen das Landschaftsbild schon damals mit bunten Tupfern. Auf dem Wasser trieben Seerosen und Wassersalat. Laubbäume wie Ahorne, Nussbäume, Buchen und Eichen waren schon recht häufig. In höheren Lagen gab es dagegen ausgedehnte Wälder aus Lorbeerbäumen, Pappeln und Linden.

Essbare Pflanzen

Eine der größten Fragen beim Schreiben von Die Weißen Steine stellte sich bereits ganz zu Beginn der Recherchearbeit: Einmal abgesehen vom Fleisch erlegter Tiere, wovon könnte sich ein Mensch in der späten Kreidezeit ernähren? Den größten Teil unserer Ernährung machen schließlich Pflanzenprodukte aus. Die wichtigsten Nahrungsgrundlagen der heutigen Zeit, zum Beispiel sämtliche Getreidesorten, hatten sich in der Kreidezeit jedoch noch gar nicht entwickelt. Trotzdem kam im späten Maastrichtium bereits eine sehr reichhaltige Pflanzenwelt vor, und tatsächlich war eines der Hauptkriterien bei der Auswahl des Handlungsortes die bereits sehr fortschrittliche und auch fossil gut überlieferte Pflanzenwelt der Hell-Creek-Formation, in der schon zahlreiche Pflanzen, die wir noch heute finden und sogar kultiviert haben, gewachsen sind.

Die Essbarkeit vieler anderer Pflanzen im Roman ist jedoch auch fiktional, da man natürlich nicht wissen kann, was ein Mensch damals wirklich verdauen konnte und welche Auswirkungen der Verzehr dieser Pflanzen eventuell auf uns gehabt hätte. Die Menschen orientieren sich bei ihrer Nahrungssuche deshalb vor allem daran, was pflanzenfressende Dinosaurier verzehren, und schauen sich ihre Nahrungsgewohnheiten ab.

Und noch etwas Wichtiges ist zu beachten: Viele Pflanzen, die im Laufe der langen Forschungsgeschichte der Hell Creek Formation beschrieben wurden, wurden einst modernen Pflanzen zugeordnet, denen die Fossilien ähnelten. Diese Einteilung sehen die meisten Paläobotaniker heute mit einiger Skepsis. Ähnlichkeiten können sich auch durch kovergente Evolution ergeben haben, was somit nicht heißt, dass hier tatsächliche Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse zu modernen Pflanzen bestehen, geschweige denn, dass die kreidezeitlichen Pflanzen heutigen Äquivalenten wirklich entsprachen. Aus diesem Grund hat man die meisten Taxa heute mit dem Präfix „aff.“ oder mit Anführungszeichen um den Gattungsnamen versehen, um auf diesen Umstand hinzuweisen. Es ist also keineswegs gesagt, dass trotz der botanischen Zuordnung im Lebensraum von T. rex und Co. wirklich Feigenbäume, Walnussbäume oder Weinreben gewachsen sind! Wir können das lediglich annehmen, aber nicht mit Gewissheit sagen.

Fossilbericht der Pflanzen aus der Hell Creek- und Lance Formation:

In dieser Liste sind alle fossil überlieferten Pflanzen aufgeführt, die in Montana, den Dakotas und Wyoming vor 66 Ma wuchsen. Natürlich bildet der Fossilbericht aber nur einen kleinen Teil der tatsächlichen Pflanzenvielfalt ab. Zu den Tieren, die dort in diesem Ökosystem lebten, gelangst du hier.

ACHTUNG: Wenn du dir die Liste der Pflanzen mit dem Smartphone anschaust, drehe es bitte in die Horizontale. Sonst kannst du die Bilder vielleicht nicht sehen!

Die Hell Creek Formation war eine wasserreiche, von Flüssen durchzogene und von saisonalen Überflutungen gekennzeichnetete Ebene. Während ihrer Ablagerungszeit zog sich das Meer immer weiter zurück. Auch dem feuchten Boden gediehen dichte Mischwälder aus Nadel- und Laubbäumen. Eine Vielfalt krautiger Blütenpflanzen, Farne und Moose wuchs im Unterholz des Waldes. An den freiliegenden Hängen großer Flusssysteme kamen Sträucher und Kletterpflanzen vor. Die Hinweise auf diese bewaldete Umgebung werden durch versteinertes Holz, verwurzelte Gley-Paläoböden und allgegenwärtige Blätter belegt. Der Aufbau dieser Wälder unterscheidet sich jedoch noch stark von jeder modernen Pflanzengesellschaft.¹Fastovsky, D. E. & McSweeney, K. (1987). Paleosols spanning the Cretaceous–Paleogene transition, eastern Montana and western North Dakota. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 99(1), 66. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<66:PSTCTE>2.0.CO;2²Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)³Peppe, D. J., Erickson, J. M. & Hickey, L. J. (2007). Fossil leaf species from the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous, North Dakota, USA) and their paleogeographic significance. Journal of Paleontology, 81(3), 550–567. doi:10.1666/05067.1⁴Stockey, R. A., Rothwell, G. W. & Johnson, K. R. (2016). Evaluating relationships among floating aquatic monocots – a new species of Cobbania (Araceae) from the Upper Maastrichtian of South Dakota. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 177(8), 706–725. doi:10.1086/688285⁵Manchester, S. R. & Hickey, L. J. (2007). Reproductive and vegetative organs of Browniea gen. n. (Nyssaceae) from the Paleocene of North America. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168(2), 229–249. doi:10.1086/509661

Tatsächlich stellen bereits bedecktsamige Blütenpflanzen den bei weitem größten Teil des überlieferten Fossilberichts der Flora. Sie machen etwa etwa 90 Prozent aus, gefolgt von rund 5 Prozent Koniferen und 4 Prozent Farnen. Das letzte Prozent bilden alle anderen Pflanzengruppen. Verglichen mit den reichen Pflanzenfundstellen aus North und South Dakota wurden in Montana bislang relativ wenige Pflanzenfossilien gefunden. Einige Taxa wurden in den 1960er Jahren am Brownie Butte in Montana von Shoemaker gefunden und beschrieben⁶Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75., aber die meisten stammen aus North Dakota (Slope County) und aus South Dakota. Unter den Fundlokalitäten sind die Mud Buttes in Bowman County, North Dakota, wahrscheinlich das reichste Megaflora-Vorkommen und der artenreichste Fundort für Blattfossilien aus der Hell Creek Formation. Der Großteil der Hell-Creek-Megaflora-Exemplare wird heute im Denver Museum of Nature & Science aufbewahrt.⁷Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329

Entwicklung der Flora über die Zeit

Einen deutlichen Gegensatz zu den heutigen Great Plains zeigen wärmeliebende Taxa wie Palmen und Ingwergewächse. Sie belegen auch, dass das Klima damals wärmer und feuchter war als heute. Es unterlag allerdings auch einem stetigen Wandel, wie sich besonders in der Vegetation zeigt. Johnson hat insgesamt fünf Zonen der kreidezeitlichen Paläo-Flora werden heute unterschieden, beginnend mit der untersten und ältesten Zone: HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb und HCIII. Auch die jüngere, bereits paläozäne Fort Union Formation wurde von ihm entsprechend in Flora-Zonen unterteilt, mit FU0 in eine Zone unmittelbar nach der K-Pg-Grenze und FUI mit der Flora-Zone nach einer Phase der Erholung. ⁸Johnson, K. R. & Hickey, L. J. (1990). Megafloral change across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. In Global Catastrophes in Earth History – An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 247, 433–444. doi:10.1130/SPE247-p433 Viele Taxa sind in den unteren Zonen selten oder fehlen ganz, während andere, früher häufige Formen, in den oberen (und jüngeren) Zonen seltener werden. Alles deutet darauf hin, dass die globalen Temperaturen in den letzten 300.000–500.000 Jahren der Kreidezeit zunahmen,⁹Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329¹⁰Johnson, K. R., Nichols, D. J., Attrep, M. & Orth, C. J. (1989). High-resolution leaf-fossil record spanning the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature, 340(6236), 708–711. doi:10.1038/340708a0, was wahrscheinlich mit dem Dekkan-Vulkanismus in Indien zusammenhängt.¹¹Woelders, L. et al. (2017). Latest Cretaceous climatic and environmental change in the South Atlantic region. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 32(5), 466–483. doi:10.1002/2016PA003007¹²Barnet, J. S. K. et al. (2018). A new high-resolution chronology for the late Maastrichtian warming event – establishing robust temporal links with the onset of Deccan volcanism. Geology, 46(2), 147–150. doi:10.1130/G39771.1¹³Barnet, J. S. K. et al. (2018). A new high-resolution chronology for the late Maastrichtian warming event – establishing robust temporal links with the onset of Deccan volcanism. Geology, 46(2), 147–150. doi:10.1130/G39771.1

Es gibt keinen Hinweis auf eine „Farnprärie“ in der Hell-Creek-Formation.¹⁴Retallack, G. J. (1994). A pedotype approach to latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary paleosols in eastern Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 106(11), 1377–1397. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1377:APATLC>2.3.CO;2 Die genaue Beschaffenheit der Wälder ist höchst unsicher, da der Großteil der Gattungen der Angiospermen und Koniferen heute ausgestorben ist. Man geht davon aus, dass grob geschätzt 80 Prozent der terrestrischen Pflanzentaxa aus Hell Creek an der K–Pg-Grenze ausstarben. Andererseits gibt es einen starken Anstieg der fossilien Farnsporen in den zwei Zentimetern Gestein direkt oberhalb der K–Pg-Grenzschicht. Farne dürften die Flora somit in den ersten Jahrhunderten nach dem Einschlag dominiert haben, als sich die Natur langsam wieder erholte.¹⁵Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329

Wichtige Hinweise zur Betrachtung des botanischen Fossilberichts

Viele Pflanzen, die im Laufe der langen Forschungsgeschichte der Hell Creek Formation beschrieben wurden, wurden einst modernen Pflanzen zugeordnet, denen die Fossilien ähnelten. Diese Einteilung sehen die meisten Forscher heute mit einiger Skepsis. Ähnlichkeiten können sich auch durch kovergente Evolution ergeben haben, was somit nicht heißt, dass hier tatsächliche Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse zu modernen Pflanzen bestehen, geschweige denn, dass die kreidezeitlichen Pflanzen heutigen Äquivalenten wirklich entsprachen. Aus diesem Grund hat man die meisten Taxa heute mit dem Präfix „aff.“ oder mit Anführungszeichen um den Gattungsnamen versehen, um auf diesen Umstand hinzuweisen. Es ist also keineswegs gesagt, dass trotz der botanischen Zuordnung im Lebensraum von T. rex und Co. wirklich Feigenbäume, Walnussbäume oder Weinreben gewachsen sind! Wir können das lediglich annehmen, aber nicht mit Gewissheit sagen.

Manche der Pflanzen, die hier nun Erwähnung finden, kamen mit unterschiedlichen Graden an Häufigkeit in den verschiedenen Flora-Zonen vor. In manchen sind sie auch überhaupt noch nicht nachgewiesen. Einige Pflanzen kommen beispielsweise in der untersten Zone, HCIa vor, fehlen aber in den darüberliegenden Zonen wie HCIII, tauchen dann aber nach dem Meteoriteneinschlag in FU0 und FUI wieder auf – manche sogar häufiger, als sie es in der Kreidezeit je waren. Somit kamen sie wahrscheinlich durchgängig im gesamten Ablagerungszeitraum bis zum Ende des Maastrichtiums in Hell Creek vor, waren in manchen Zeiten aber wohl eher selten. Die Zone, in denen eine Pflanze am häufigsten vorkam, ist in der Spalte „Stratigraphische Position“ grün markiert. So gewinnt der Leser hier auch eine Übersicht, welche Pflanzen in welcher Zeit häufiger oder seltener waren.

Moose, Bärlappe und Farne:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
	Equisetum sp.16Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	4 Exemplare	Schachtelhalm (Equisetopsida)
	Hydropteris pinnata17Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa	5 Exemplare	Schwimmfarn (Salviniales)
	Marchantia pealii18Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, FUI	33 Exemplare	Lebermoos (Marchantiophyta)
	Polypodiaceae indet.19Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	1 Exemplar	Tüpfelfarn (Polypodiaceae)
	Salvinia sp.20Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota	HCIII	1 Exemplar	Schwimmfarn (Salviniales)

Nacktsamer:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
	Androvettia catenulata21Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII, FUI	54 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cheirolepidiaceae)
	Araucaria sp.22Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIb	33 Exemplare	Araukarie (Araucaria)
	Cupressinocladus interruptus23Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.32924Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, FUo, FUI; Typlokalität	178 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cupressaceae)
	Dammarites sp.25Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	19 Exemplare	Araukarie (Araucaria)
	Ditaxocladus catenulata26Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	53 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cupressaceae)
	Elatides longifolia27Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIII	88 Exemplare	Nadelbaum (Pinophyta)
	Ginkgo adiantoides28Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.32929Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, Typlokalität	84 Exemplare	Ginkgo (Ginkgoopsida)
	Glyptostrobus europaeus30Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.32931Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, FU0, FUI, Typlokalität	534 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cupressaceae)
	Glyptostrobus sp.32Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	22 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cupressaceae)
	Metasequoia occidentalis33Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.32934Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIa, FUI; Typlokalität	190 Exemplare	Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae)
	Metasequoia sp.35Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	58 Exemplare	Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae)
	Nilssoniocladus comtula36Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.	Montana	Brownie Butte site	Viele Exemplare	Palmfarn (Cycadopsida)
	Nilssoniocladus yukonensis37Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	16 Exemplare	Palmfarn (Cycadopsida)
	Sequoia sp.38Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIII	52 Exemplare	Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae)
	Sequoites artus39Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.	Montana	Brownie Butte site	viele Exemplare	Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae)
	Taxodium olrikii40Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIII, FU0, FUI	92 Exemplare	Sumpfzypresse (Taxodioideae)

Blütenpflanzen:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
	Annona robusta41Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Wenige Exemplare	Annone (Annonaceae)
	Araliaephyllum polevoi42Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	13 Exemplare	Araliengewächse (Araliaceae)
	Artocarpus lessigiana43Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.32944Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIIa, HCIII, Typlokalität	62 Exemplare	Brotfruchtbaum; Maulbeergewächs (Moraceae)
	Averrhoites affinis45Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	South Dakota	Licking Leaves Locality	1 Exemplar	Sauerkleegewächse (Oxalidaceae)
	Berberidaceae indet.46Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	94 Exemplare	Berberitze (Berberidaceae)
	Betula perantigua47Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	Montana	Typolokalität	2 Exemplare	Birke (Betulacae)
	Bisonia niemii48Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	64 Exemplare	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
	Browniea serrata49Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Wenige Exemplare	Tupelo (Nyssaceae)
	Cannabaceae indet.50Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIb, HCIIa	365 Exemplare	Hanfgewächs (Cannabaceae)
	Carpites ulmiformis51Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	9 Exemplare	unsichere Zuordnung; Doldenblüter (Apiaceae)
	Celastrus taurenensis52Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.32953Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.54Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb; Brownie Butte Site; Typlokalität	151 Exemplare	Baumwürger; Spindelbaumgewächs (Celastraceae)
	Cercidiphyllum sp.55Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb	41 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
	Cinnamomum lineafolia56Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb	259 Exemplare	Zimtbaum; Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
	Cissus marginatus57Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Viele Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
	Cissites acerifolia58Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	29 Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
	Cissites insignis59Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota	HCIII	1 Exemplar	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
	Cissites lobata60Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	9 Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
	Cissites puilosokensis61Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	16 Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
	Cobbania corrugata62Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb	61 Exemplare	Wassersalat, Aronstabgewächs (Araceae)
	Cobbania hickeyi63Stockey, R. A., Rothwell, G. W. & Johnson, K. R. (2016). Evaluating relationships among floating aquatic monocots – a new species of Cobbania (Araceae) from the Upper Maastrichtian of South Dakota. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 177(8), 706–725. doi:10.1086/688285	South Dakota	Oberste Hell Creek Formation	Mehrere Exemplare	Wassersalat, Aronstabgewächs (Araceae)
	Cornophyllum newberryi64Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIII, FU0, FUI	185 Exemplare	Kornelkirsche, Hartriegelgewächs (Cornaceae)
	Dicotylophyllum anomalum65Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FU0, FUI	373 Exemplare	Unsichere Zuordnung, wahrscheinlich eine Magnolie (Magnoliopsida)
	Dombeyopsis obtusa66Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Viele Exemplare	Unsichere Zuordnung, wahrscheinlich eine Malve (Malvaceae)
	Dryophyllum subfalcatum67Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.32968Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.69Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII, FU0; Brownie Butte Site; Typlokalität	1003 Exemplare	Silberbaum (Sabiaceae)
	Dryophyllum tenneseensis70Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	99 Exemplare	Silberbaum (Sabiaceae)
	Erlingdorfia montana71Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.32972Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII, Typlokalität	320 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
	Fagaceae indet.73Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa	4 Exemplare	Buche (Fagaceae)
	Ficus planicostata74Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	66 Exemplare	Feigenbaum; Maulbeergewächs (Moraceae)
	Ficus trinervis75Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Viele Exemplare	Feigenbaum; Maulbeergewächs (Moraceae)
	Grewiopsis mcleari76Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	Montana	Typlokalität	1 Exemplar	Malve (Malvaceae)
	Grewiopsis saportana77Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	134 Exemplare	Malve (Malvaceae)
	Harmsia hydrocotyloidea78Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FUI	30 Exemplare	Unsichere Zuordnung, wahrscheinlich eine Malve (Malvaceae)
	Humulus sp.79Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	93 Exemplare	Hopfen; Hanfgewächs (Cannabaceae)
	Juglans leconteana80Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Mehrere Exemplare	Walnussbaum (Juglandaceae)
	Laurophyllum lanceolatum81Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	Montana	Typlokalität	1 Exemplar	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
	Laurophyllum wardiana82Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota	HCIII	2 Exemplare	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
	Leepierceia preartocarpoides83Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.32984Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa; Typlokalität	204 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
	Limnobiophyllum scutatum85Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIII, FUI	99 Exemplare	Wasserlinse; Aronstabgewächs (Araceae)
	Liriodendrites bradacii86Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	156 Exemplare	Tulpenbaum (Magnoliaceae)
	Liriodendron laramiense87Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	Wenige Exemplare	Tulpenbaum (Magnoliaceae)
	Liriodendron sp.88Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	8 Exemplare	Tulpenbaum (Magnoliaceae)
	Magnoliaceae indet.89Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	65 Exemplare	Magnolie (Magnoliaceae)
	Marmarthia johnsonii90Peppe, D. J., Erickson, J. M. & Hickey, L. J. (2007). Fossil leaf species from the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous, North Dakota, USA) and their paleogeographic significance. Journal of Paleontology, 81(3), 550–567. doi:10.1666/05067.1	North Dakota	Missouri River Valley	1 Exemplar	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
	Marmarthia pearsonii91Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	249 Exemplare	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
	Marmarthia trivialis92Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIII	282 Exemplare	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
	Myrica torreyi93Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota	HCIII	2 Exemplare	Myrica (Myricaceae)
	Nelumbium montanum94Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIII, FUI	27 Exemplare	Lotus (Nelumbonaceae)
	Nelumbo sp.95Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	4 Exemplare	Lotus (Nelumbonaceae)
—	Nordenskioldia borealis96Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	FU0, FUI (erst Paläozän!)	15 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
	Nyssidium arcticum97Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII, FU0, FUI	49 Exemplare	Araliengewächs (Araliaceae)
	Palaeoaster inquirenda98Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	78 Exemplare	Mohn (Papaveraceae)
—	Paranymphaea crassifolia99Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	FUI (Nur Paläozän!)	108 Exemplare	Seerose (Nymphaeaceae)
	Paranymphaea hastata100Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	92 Exemplare	Seerose (Nymphaeaceae)
	Penosphyllum cordatum101Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FUI	34 Exemplare	Stinkbaum; Malvengewächse (Malvaceae)
	Platanites marginata102Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	197 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
	Platanites raynoldsii103Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FU0, FUI	209 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
	Platanophyllum sp.104Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329105Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIII; Typlokalität	20 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
	Populus nebrascaensis106Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FU0, FUI	506 Exemplare	Pappel; Weidengewächs (Salicaceae)
	Porosia verrucosa107Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	3 Exemplare	Zitrusbaum; Rautengewächs (Rutaceae)
	Quereuxia angulata108Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII, FUI	543 Exemplare	Wassernuss (Lythraceae)
	Ranunculaceae indet.109Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIb	26 Exemplare	Hahnenfußgewächs (Ranunculaceae)
	Rhamnaceae indet.110Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIII	27 Exemplare	Kreuzdorn (Rhamnaceae)
	Rhamnica cleburnii111Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	177 Exemplare	Kreuzdorn (Rhamnaceae)
	Rhamnus salicifolius112Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Mehrere Exemplare	Kreuzdorn (Rhamnaceae)
	Rosaceae indet.113Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIb, HCIII	217 Exemplare	Rosengewächs (Rosaceae)
	Sabalites sp.114Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII, FUI	87 Exemplare	Palme (Arecaceae)
	Salix sp.115Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Mehrere Exemplare	Weide (Salicaceae)
	Sarcandra sp.116Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	Montana	Typlokalität	1 Exemplar	Chloranthaceae
	Spinifructus antiquus117McIver, E. E. (2002). The paleoenvironment of Tyrannosaurus rex from southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39(2), 207–221. doi:10.1139/e01-073	Montana	Dawson County Beds	Mehrere Exemplare	Palme (Arecaceae); Fruchtfossil
	Symplocarpus hoffmaniae118Bogner, J. et al. (2007). New fossil leaves of Araceae from the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene of western North America. Zitteliana A, 47, 133–147.	North Dakota	Dean Street Site	Wenige Exemplare	Stinkkohl (Araceae)
	Trochodendroides arctica119Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Mehrere Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
	Trochodendroides ellipticum120Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIII, FUI	162 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
	Trochodendroides genetrix121Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII, FU0, FUI	88 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
	Trochodendroides nebrascensis122Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	113 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
	Urticaceae indet.123Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIb, HCIIb	34 Exemplare	Brennessel (Urticaceae)
	Viburnum sp.124Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.	Montana	Brownie Butte site	Mehrere Exemplare	Schneeball (Adoxaceae)
	Vitis stantonii125Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329126Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII; Typlokalität	234 Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae); möglicherweise aber auch eine Platane (Platanaceae)
	Zingiberopsis attenuata127Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIb	11 Exemplare	Ingwer (Zingiberaceae)
	Zingiberopsis magnifolia128Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Wenige Exemplare	Ingwer (Zingiberaceae)
	Zizyphoides flabella129Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329130Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIb, FU0, FUI, Typlokalität	439 Exemplare	Wahrscheinlich ein Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
	Ziziphus fibrillosus131Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	55 Exemplare	Ziziphus-Strauch; Kreuzdorngewächse (Rhamnaceae); vielleicht auch eine Pfefferpflanze (Piperaceae)

Pollen:

Die umfassendste Abhandlung über die aus der Hell Creek Formation bekannten Pollenfossilien haben Norton & Hall (1969) abgefasst. Alle hier aufgeführten Angaben stammen aus dieser Quelle.¹³²Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. H. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, USA. Palaeontographica B, 125, 1–64.

Weitere Lagerstätten an den Gestaden des Binnenmeeres:

Hell Creek Formation Lance Formation Ferris Formation Denver Formation Laramie Formation Cimarron Ridge Formation

Weitere Lagerstätten aus Mein traumhaftes Dinosaurier-Buch:

Hell Creek Formation – South Dakota (USA) vor 66 Ma Prince Creek Formation – Alaska (USA) vor 69 Ma Djadochta Formation – Mongolei vor 74 Ma Niobrara Chalk Formation – Kansas vor 85 Ma Bahariya Formation – Ägypten vor 100 Ma Yixian Formation – Liaoning (China) vor 125 Ma Altmühltal Formation – Bayern (Deutschland) vor 155 Ma Posidonienschiefer – Baden-Württemberg (Deutschland) vor 180 Ma Trossingen Formation – Baden Württemberg (Deutschland) vor 210 Ma Chinle Formation – Arizona (USA) vor 225 Ma

Alle anderen Lagerstätten, die in meinen Büchern eine Rolle spielen, erreichst du über meine Interaktive Karte:

Zurück zur Hauptkategorie:

Leben in der Urzeit Wirbellose Fische Amphibien Sauropsiden Säugetiere Pilze, Pollen und Pflanzen

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Quellenangaben:

• 1
  Fastovsky, D. E. & McSweeney, K. (1987). Paleosols spanning the Cretaceous–Paleogene transition, eastern Montana and western North Dakota. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 99(1), 66. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<66:PSTCTE>2.0.CO;2
• 2
  Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
• 3
  Peppe, D. J., Erickson, J. M. & Hickey, L. J. (2007). Fossil leaf species from the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous, North Dakota, USA) and their paleogeographic significance. Journal of Paleontology, 81(3), 550–567. doi:10.1666/05067.1
• 4
  Stockey, R. A., Rothwell, G. W. & Johnson, K. R. (2016). Evaluating relationships among floating aquatic monocots – a new species of Cobbania (Araceae) from the Upper Maastrichtian of South Dakota. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 177(8), 706–725. doi:10.1086/688285
• 5
  Manchester, S. R. & Hickey, L. J. (2007). Reproductive and vegetative organs of Browniea gen. n. (Nyssaceae) from the Paleocene of North America. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168(2), 229–249. doi:10.1086/509661
• 6
  Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.
• 7
  Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
• 8
  Johnson, K. R. & Hickey, L. J. (1990). Megafloral change across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. In Global Catastrophes in Earth History – An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 247, 433–444. doi:10.1130/SPE247-p433
• 9
  Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
• 10
  Johnson, K. R., Nichols, D. J., Attrep, M. & Orth, C. J. (1989). High-resolution leaf-fossil record spanning the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature, 340(6236), 708–711. doi:10.1038/340708a0
• 11
  Woelders, L. et al. (2017). Latest Cretaceous climatic and environmental change in the South Atlantic region. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 32(5), 466–483. doi:10.1002/2016PA003007
• 12
  Barnet, J. S. K. et al. (2018). A new high-resolution chronology for the late Maastrichtian warming event – establishing robust temporal links with the onset of Deccan volcanism. Geology, 46(2), 147–150. doi:10.1130/G39771.1
• 13
  Barnet, J. S. K. et al. (2018). A new high-resolution chronology for the late Maastrichtian warming event – establishing robust temporal links with the onset of Deccan volcanism. Geology, 46(2), 147–150. doi:10.1130/G39771.1
• 14
  Retallack, G. J. (1994). A pedotype approach to latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary paleosols in eastern Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 106(11), 1377–1397. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1377:APATLC>2.3.CO;2
• 15
  Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
• 16
  Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
• 17
  Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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