Pilze, Pollen und Pflanzen - Die weißen Steine

Lesedauer 43 Minuten

Den bei weitem größten Teil der Land-Biomasse machen Pilze und Pflanzen aus. Ein großer Teil davon ist noch nicht einmal sichtbar, weil er sich tief unter der Erdoberfläche verbirgt. Das grüne Reich des fruchtbaren Lebens erstreckt sich bis tief hinein ins Erdreich, wo es eine einzigartige Lebensgemeinschaft aus Pflanzen, Pilzen, Mikroorganismen, Wirbellosen und auch einigen kleinen Wirbeltieren bildet. Pflanzen stellen für alle Landtiere den Grundpfeiler der Nahrungskette dar. Ohne sie könnte kein einziges Tier auf der Erde leben. Aber auch viele Pflanzen sind Abhängig von ihren tierischen Mitbewohnern: der stetige Abfraß der Blätter bringt diese überhaupt erst zum Sprießen, der Dung der Tiere reichert den Boden mit für die Pflanzen lebenswichtigen Nitraten an und die Grabaktivität unter der Erde verteilt diese Nährstoffe. Insbesondere Blütenpflanzen sind zudem auf Insekten als Bestäuber angewiesen, ohne die sie sich nicht vermehren könnten.

Insbesondere in der Kreidezeit kam den Pflanzen eine ganz besondere Rolle zu. Sie war eines der grünsten Zeitalter der gesamten Erdgeschichte, mit einer unwahrscheinlich hohen Artenzahl an unterschiedlichen Spezies von Pflanzen, die unsere heutige Flora im Hinblick auf die Artenvielfalt deutlich übertraf. Hier wollen wir die Welt der Pilze und Pflanzen einmal genauer unter die Lupe nehmen. Und wir unternehmen auch eine kulinarische Reise in die Kreidezeit: Welche von ihnen waren essbar? Und was für Köstlichkeiten konnte man schon damals sammeln und genießen?

Bäume und Wälder

Die dominierenden Pflanzen in der Kreidezeit waren zunächst noch urtümliche Vertreter der Pflanzenwelt, wie zum Beispiel die Ginkgo-Bäume, die noch erheblich älter sind als die Dinosaurier und bereits lange vor ihrem Erscheinen auf der Erde wuchsen. Die größten Baumriesen stellten im Maastrichtium die Nadelbäume dar: Koniferen, Zypressen, Araukarien, und vor allem die gewaltigen Mammutbäume waren die höchsten Bäume, die in der Kreidezeit wuchsen. Am Waldboden gab es dagegen vor allem Farne, Palmfarne und Moose; Gräser waren in der Kreidezeit noch ausgesprochen selten. An Fluss- und Seeufern fand man häufig Schachtelhalme, die damals noch erheblich größer werden konnten als heute. Diese urtümlichen Pflanzen kamen auch gut mit Temperatur- und Witterungsunterschieden zurecht und hatten bereits mehrere große Artensterben überstanden, abgesehen von ihrer Größe sogar nahezu unverändert.

Die (R)evolution der Blütenpflanzen

Schon in der frühen Kreidezeit hatte die Natur allerdings einen ganz neuen Meilenstein in der Evolution der Pflanzenwelt gesetzt, denn in dieser Epoche begann die Entwicklung der Blütenpflanzen. Der große Vorteil dieser neuen Pflanzenfamilie war ihre erfolgreiche Partnerschaft mit den Insekten, die sie bereits in der Unterkreide begannen. Blütenpflanzen und die für ihre Verbreitung zuständigen Insekten revolutionierten die Ökosysteme auf der ganzen Welt. Die Symbiose zwischen Tier und Pflanze ging im Maastrichtium bereits so weit, dass einige Pflanzen nur von Insekten bestäubt und einige Insekten wie die Schmetterlinge nur vom Nektar der Blüten leben konnten. Die Blütenpflanzen profitierten durch ihre neue Form der Fortpflanzung und der damit verbundenen hohen Reproduktionsrate. Sie hatten zudem die Möglichkeit, ihre Samen über weite Strecken hin auszubreiten. So konnten sie schnell neue Lebensräume für sich erobern.

In der Welt von Tyrannosaurus und Triceratops gab es bereits üppige und fantastische Landschaften aus Blumenwiesen und blühenden Sträuchern. Malven, Rosen, Magnolien und Tulpenbäume versahen das Landschaftsbild schon damals mit bunten Tupfern. Auf dem Wasser trieben Seerosen und Wassersalat. Laubbäume wie Ahorne, Nussbäume, Buchen und Eichen waren schon recht häufig. In höheren Lagen gab es dagegen ausgedehnte Wälder aus Lorbeerbäumen, Pappeln und Linden.

Essbare Pflanzen

Eine der größten Fragen beim Schreiben von Die Weißen Steine stellte sich bereits ganz zu Beginn der Recherchearbeit: Einmal abgesehen vom Fleisch erlegter Tiere, wovon könnte sich ein Mensch in der späten Kreidezeit ernähren? Den größten Teil unserer Ernährung machen schließlich Pflanzenprodukte aus. Die wichtigsten Nahrungsgrundlagen der heutigen Zeit, zum Beispiel sämtliche Getreidesorten, hatten sich in der Kreidezeit jedoch noch gar nicht entwickelt. Trotzdem kam im späten Maastrichtium bereits eine sehr reichhaltige Pflanzenwelt vor, und tatsächlich war eines der Hauptkriterien bei der Auswahl des Handlungsortes die bereits sehr fortschrittliche und auch fossil gut überlieferte Pflanzenwelt der Hell-Creek-Formation, in der schon zahlreiche Pflanzen, die wir noch heute finden und sogar kultiviert haben, gewachsen sind.

Die Essbarkeit vieler anderer Pflanzen im Roman ist jedoch auch fiktional, da man natürlich nicht wissen kann, was ein Mensch damals wirklich verdauen konnte und welche Auswirkungen der Verzehr dieser Pflanzen eventuell auf uns gehabt hätte. Die Menschen orientieren sich bei ihrer Nahrungssuche deshalb vor allem daran, was pflanzenfressende Dinosaurier verzehren, und schauen sich ihre Nahrungsgewohnheiten ab.

Und noch etwas Wichtiges ist zu beachten: Viele Pflanzen, die im Laufe der langen Forschungsgeschichte der Hell Creek Formation beschrieben wurden, wurden einst modernen Pflanzen zugeordnet, denen die Fossilien ähnelten. Diese Einteilung sehen die meisten Paläobotaniker heute mit einiger Skepsis. Ähnlichkeiten können sich auch durch kovergente Evolution ergeben haben, was somit nicht heißt, dass hier tatsächliche Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse zu modernen Pflanzen bestehen, geschweige denn, dass die kreidezeitlichen Pflanzen heutigen Äquivalenten wirklich entsprachen. Aus diesem Grund hat man die meisten Taxa heute mit dem Präfix „aff.“ oder mit Anführungszeichen um den Gattungsnamen versehen, um auf diesen Umstand hinzuweisen. Es ist also keineswegs gesagt, dass trotz der botanischen Zuordnung im Lebensraum von T. rex und Co. wirklich Feigenbäume, Walnussbäume oder Weinreben gewachsen sind! Wir können das lediglich annehmen, aber nicht mit Gewissheit sagen.

Fossilbericht der Pflanzen aus der Hell Creek Formation:

In dieser Liste sind alle fossil überlieferten Pflanzen aufgeführt, die in Montana, den Dakotas und Wyoming vor 66 Ma wuchsen. Natürlich bildet der Fossilbericht aber nur einen kleinen Teil der tatsächlichen Pflanzenvielfalt ab. Einige wenige Pflanzen habe ich mir für meine Geschichte auch selber ausgedacht. Solche rein fiktionalen Pflanzen tragen die Bemerkung (F!).

ACHTUNG: Wenn du dir die Liste der Pflanzen mit dem Smartphone anschaust, drehe es bitte in die Horizontale. Sonst kannst du die Bilder vielleicht nicht sehen!

Die Hell Creek Formation war eine wasserreiche, von Flüssen durchzogene und von saisonalen Überflutungen gekennzeichnetete Ebene. Während ihrer Ablagerungszeit zog sich das Meer immer weiter zurück. Auch dem feuchten Boden gediehen dichte Mischwälder aus Nadel- und Laubbäumen. Eine Vielfalt krautiger Blütenpflanzen, Farne und Moose wuchs im Unterholz des Waldes. An den freiliegenden Hängen großer Flusssysteme kamen Sträucher und Kletterpflanzen vor. Die Hinweise auf diese bewaldete Umgebung werden durch versteinertes Holz, verwurzelte Gley-Paläoböden und allgegenwärtige Blätter belegt. Der Aufbau dieser Wälder unterscheidet sich jedoch noch stark von jeder modernen Pflanzengesellschaft.¹²³⁴⁵

Tatsächlich stellen bereits bedecktsamige Blütenpflanzen den bei weitem größten Teil des überlieferten Fossilberichts der Flora. Sie machen etwa etwa 90 Prozent aus, gefolgt von rund 5 Prozent Koniferen und 4 Prozent Farnen. Das letzte Prozent bilden alle anderen Pflanzengruppen. Verglichen mit den reichen Pflanzenfundstellen aus North und South Dakota wurden in Montana bislang relativ wenige Pflanzenfossilien gefunden. Einige Taxa wurden in den 1960er Jahren am Brownie Butte in Montana von Shoemaker gefunden und beschrieben⁶, aber die meisten stammen aus North Dakota (Slope County) und aus South Dakota. Unter den Fundlokalitäten sind die Mud Buttes in Bowman County, North Dakota, wahrscheinlich das reichste Megaflora-Vorkommen und der artenreichste Fundort für Blattfossilien aus der Hell Creek Formation. Der Großteil der Hell-Creek-Megaflora-Exemplare wird heute im Denver Museum of Nature & Science aufbewahrt.⁷

Karte mit den Aufschlüssen der marinen Pierre Shale- und Fox Hills Formation, sowie der lakustrinen Hell Creek- und Lance Formation aus der obersten Kreidezeit, sowie der paläozänen Fort Union Formation, alle in den Williston- und Powder-River-Becken. Modifizierte Karte nach **Hartman (2002)**, aus dem als gemeinfrei gekennzeichneten Paper von **Denver Fowler (2020)**. Dort heruntergeladen am 18.10.2025.

Entwicklung der Flora über die Zeit

Einen deutlichen Gegensatz zu den heutigen Great Plains zeigen wärmeliebende Taxa wie Palmen und Ingwergewächse. Sie belegen auch, dass das Klima damals wärmer und feuchter war als heute. Es unterlag allerdings auch einem stetigen Wandel, wie sich besonders in der Vegetation zeigt. Johnson hat insgesamt fünf Zonen der kreidezeitlichen Paläo-Flora werden heute unterschieden, beginnend mit der untersten und ältesten Zone: HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb und HCIII. Auch die jüngere, bereits paläozäne Fort Union Formation wurde von ihm entsprechend in Flora-Zonen unterteilt, mit FU0 in eine Zone unmittelbar nach der K-Pg-Grenze und FUI mit der Flora-Zone nach einer Phase der Erholung. ⁸ Viele Taxa sind in den unteren Zonen selten oder fehlen ganz, während andere, früher häufige Formen, in den oberen (und jüngeren) Zonen seltener werden. Alles deutet darauf hin, dass die globalen Temperaturen in den letzten 300.000–500.000 Jahren der Kreidezeit zunahmen,⁹¹⁰, was wahrscheinlich mit dem Dekkan-Vulkanismus in Indien zusammenhängt.¹¹¹²¹³

Es gibt keinen Hinweis auf eine „Farnprärie“ in der Hell-Creek-Formation.¹⁴ Die genaue Beschaffenheit der Wälder ist höchst unsicher, da der Großteil der Gattungen der Angiospermen und Koniferen heute ausgestorben ist. Man geht davon aus, dass grob geschätzt 80 Prozent der terrestrischen Pflanzentaxa aus Hell Creek an der K–Pg-Grenze ausstarben. Andererseits gibt es einen starken Anstieg der fossilien Farnsporen in den zwei Zentimetern Gestein direkt oberhalb der K–Pg-Grenzschicht. Farne dürften die Flora somit in den ersten Jahrhunderten nach dem Einschlag dominiert haben, als sich die Natur langsam wieder erholte.¹⁵

Wichtige Hinweise zur Betrachtung des botanischen Fossilberichts

Viele Pflanzen, die im Laufe der langen Forschungsgeschichte der Hell Creek Formation beschrieben wurden, wurden einst modernen Pflanzen zugeordnet, denen die Fossilien ähnelten. Diese Einteilung sehen die meisten Forscher heute mit einiger Skepsis. Ähnlichkeiten können sich auch durch kovergente Evolution ergeben haben, was somit nicht heißt, dass hier tatsächliche Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse zu modernen Pflanzen bestehen, geschweige denn, dass die kreidezeitlichen Pflanzen heutigen Äquivalenten wirklich entsprachen. Aus diesem Grund hat man die meisten Taxa heute mit dem Präfix „aff.“ oder mit Anführungszeichen um den Gattungsnamen versehen, um auf diesen Umstand hinzuweisen. Es ist also keineswegs gesagt, dass trotz der botanischen Zuordnung im Lebensraum von T. rex und Co. wirklich Feigenbäume, Walnussbäume oder Weinreben gewachsen sind! Wir können das lediglich annehmen, aber nicht mit Gewissheit sagen.

Manche der Pflanzen, die hier nun Erwähnung finden, kamen mit unterschiedlichen Graden an Häufigkeit in den verschiedenen Flora-Zonen vor. In manchen sind sie auch überhaupt noch nicht nachgewiesen. Einige Pflanzen kommen beispielsweise in der untersten Zone, HCIa vor, fehlen aber in den darüberliegenden Zonen wie HCIII, tauchen dann aber nach dem Meteoriteneinschlag in FU0 und FUI wieder auf – manche sogar häufiger, als sie es in der Kreidezeit je waren. Somit kamen sie wahrscheinlich durchgängig im gesamten Ablagerungszeitraum bis zum Ende des Maastrichtiums in Hell Creek vor, waren in manchen Zeiten aber wohl eher selten. Die Zone, in denen eine Pflanze am häufigsten vorkam, ist in der Spalte „Stratigraphische Position“ grün markiert. So gewinnt der Leser hier auch eine Übersicht, welche Pflanzen in welcher Zeit häufiger oder seltener waren.

Moose, Bärlappe und Farne:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Equisetum sp.¹⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	4 Exemplare	Schachtelhalm (Equisetopsida)
Hydropteris pinnata¹⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa	5 Exemplare	Schwimmfarn (Salviniales)
Marchantia pealii¹⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, FUI	33 Exemplare	Lebermoos (Marchantiophyta)
Polypodiaceae indet.¹⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	1 Exemplar	Tüpfelfarn (Polypodiaceae)
Salvinia sp.²⁰	North Dakota	HCIII	1 Exemplar	Schwimmfarn (Salviniales)

Nacktsamer:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Androvettia catenulata²¹	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII, FUI	54 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cheirolepidiaceae)
Araucaria sp.²²	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIb	33 Exemplare	Araukarie (Araucaria)
Cupressinocladus interruptus²³²⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, FUo, FUI; Typlokalität	178 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cupressaceae)
Dammarites sp.²⁵	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	19 Exemplare	Araukarie (Araucaria)
Ditaxocladus catenulata²⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	53 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cupressaceae)
Elatides longifolia²⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIII	88 Exemplare	Nadelbaum (Pinophyta)
Ginkgo adiantoides²⁸²⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, Typlokalität	84 Exemplare	Ginkgo (Ginkgoopsida)
Glyptostrobus europaeus³⁰³¹	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, FU0, FUI, Typlokalität	534 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cupressaceae)
Glyptostrobus sp.³²	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	22 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cupressaceae)
Metasequoia occidentalis³³³⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIa, FUI; Typlokalität	190 Exemplare	Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae)
Metasequoia sp.³⁵	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	58 Exemplare	Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae)
Nilssoniocladus comtula³⁶	Montana	Brownie Butte site	Viele Exemplare	Palmfarn (Cycadopsida)
Nilssoniocladus yukonensis³⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	16 Exemplare	Palmfarn (Cycadopsida)
Sequoia sp.³⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIII	52 Exemplare	Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae)
Sequoites artus³⁹	Montana	Brownie Butte site	viele Exemplare	Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae)
Taxodium olrikii⁴⁰	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIII, FU0, FUI	92 Exemplare	Sumpfzypresse (Taxodioideae)

Blütenpflanzen:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
	Annona robusta⁴¹	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Wenige Exemplare	Annone (Annonaceae)
	Araliaephyllum polevoi⁴²	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	13 Exemplare	Araliengewächse (Araliaceae)
	Artocarpus lessigiana⁴³⁴⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIIa, HCIII, Typlokalität	62 Exemplare	Brotfruchtbaum; Maulbeergewächs (Moraceae)
	Averrhoites affinis⁴⁵	South Dakota	Licking Leaves Locality	1 Exemplar	Sauerkleegewächse (Oxalidaceae)
	Berberidaceae indet.⁴⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	94 Exemplare	Berberitze (Berberidaceae)
	Betula perantigua⁴⁷	Montana	Typolokalität	2 Exemplare	Birke (Betulacae)
	Bisonia niemii⁴⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	64 Exemplare	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
	Browniea serrata⁴⁹	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Wenige Exemplare	Tupelo (Nyssaceae)
	Cannabaceae indet.⁵⁰	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIb, HCIIa	365 Exemplare	Hanfgewächs (Cannabaceae)
	Carpites ulmiformis⁵¹	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	9 Exemplare	unsichere Zuordnung; Doldenblüter (Apiaceae)
	Celastrus taurenensis⁵²⁵³⁵⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb; Brownie Butte Site; Typlokalität	151 Exemplare	Baumwürger; Spindelbaumgewächs (Celastraceae)
	Cercidiphyllum sp.⁵⁵	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb	41 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
	Cinnamomum lineafolia⁵⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb	259 Exemplare	Zimtbaum; Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
	Cissus marginatus⁵⁷	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Viele Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
	Cissites acerifolia⁵⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	29 Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
	Cissites insignis⁵⁹	North Dakota	HCIII	1 Exemplar	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
	Cissites lobata⁶⁰	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	9 Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
	Cissites puilosokensis⁶¹	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	16 Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
	Cobbania corrugata⁶²	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb	61 Exemplare	Wassersalat, Aronstabgewächs (Araceae)
	Cobbania hickeyi⁶³	South Dakota	Oberste Hell Creek Formation	Mehrere Exemplare	Wassersalat, Aronstabgewächs (Araceae)
	Cornophyllum newberryi⁶⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIII, FU0, FUI	185 Exemplare	Kornelkirsche, Hartriegelgewächs (Cornaceae)
	Dicotylophyllum anomalum⁶⁵	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FU0, FUI	373 Exemplare	Unsichere Zuordnung, wahrscheinlich eine Magnolie (Magnoliopsida)
	Dombeyopsis obtusa⁶⁶	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Viele Exemplare	Unsichere Zuordnung, wahrscheinlich eine Malve (Malvaceae)
	Dryophyllum subfalcatum⁶⁷⁶⁸⁶⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII, FU0; Brownie Butte Site; Typlokalität	1003 Exemplare	Silberbaum (Sabiaceae)
	Dryophyllum tenneseensis⁷⁰	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	99 Exemplare	Silberbaum (Sabiaceae)
	Erlingdorfia montana⁷¹⁷²	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII, Typlokalität	320 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
	Fagaceae indet.⁷³	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa	4 Exemplare	Buche (Fagaceae)
	Ficus planicostata⁷⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	66 Exemplare	Feigenbaum; Maulbeergewächs (Moraceae)
	Ficus trinervis⁷⁵	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Viele Exemplare	Feigenbaum; Maulbeergewächs (Moraceae)
	Grewiopsis mcleari⁷⁶	Montana	Typlokalität	1 Exemplar	Malve (Malvaceae)
	Grewiopsis saportana⁷⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	134 Exemplare	Malve (Malvaceae)
	Harmsia hydrocotyloidea⁷⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FUI	30 Exemplare	Unsichere Zuordnung, wahrscheinlich eine Malve (Malvaceae)
	Humulus sp.⁷⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	93 Exemplare	Hopfen; Hanfgewächs (Cannabaceae)
	Juglans leconteana⁸⁰	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Mehrere Exemplare	Walnussbaum (Juglandaceae)
	Laurophyllum lanceolatum⁸¹	Montana	Typlokalität	1 Exemplar	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
	Laurophyllum wardiana⁸²	North Dakota	HCIII	2 Exemplare	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
	Leepierceia preartocarpoides⁸³⁸⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa; Typlokalität	204 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
	Limnobiophyllum scutatum⁸⁵	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIII, FUI	99 Exemplare	Wasserlinse; Aronstabgewächs (Araceae)
	Liriodendrites bradacii⁸⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	156 Exemplare	Tulpenbaum (Magnoliaceae)
	Liriodendron laramiense⁸⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	Wenige Exemplare	Tulpenbaum (Magnoliaceae)
	Liriodendron sp.⁸⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	8 Exemplare	Tulpenbaum (Magnoliaceae)
	Magnoliaceae indet.⁸⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	65 Exemplare	Magnolie (Magnoliaceae)
	Marmarthia johnsonii⁹⁰	North Dakota	Missouri River Valley	1 Exemplar	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
	Marmarthia pearsonii⁹¹	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	249 Exemplare	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
	Marmarthia trivialis⁹²	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIII	282 Exemplare	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
	Myrica torreyi⁹³	North Dakota	HCIII	2 Exemplare	Myrica (Myricaceae)
	Nelumbium montanum⁹⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIII, FUI	27 Exemplare	Lotus (Nelumbonaceae)
	Nelumbo sp.⁹⁵	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	4 Exemplare	Lotus (Nelumbonaceae)
—	Nordenskioldia borealis⁹⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	FU0, FUI (erst Paläozän!)	15 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
—	Nyssidium arcticum⁹⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII, FU0, FUI	49 Exemplare	Araliengewächs (Araliaceae)
—	Palaeoaster inquirenda⁹⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	78 Exemplare	Mohn (Papaveraceae)
—	Paranymphaea crassifolia⁹⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota	FUI (Nur Paläozän!)	108 Exemplare	Seerose (Nymphaeaceae)
—	Paranymphaea hastata¹⁰⁰	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	92 Exemplare	Seerose (Nymphaeaceae)
—	Penosphyllum cordatum¹⁰¹	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FUI	34 Exemplare	Stinkbaum; Malvengewächse (Malvaceae)
—	Platanites marginata¹⁰²	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	197 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
—	Platanites raynoldsii¹⁰³	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FU0, FUI	34 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
—	Platanophyllum sp.¹⁰⁴¹⁰⁵	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIII; Typlokalität	20 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
—	Platanus raynoldsii¹⁰⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FU0, FUI	209 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
—	Populus nebrascaensis¹⁰⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FU0, FUI	506 Exemplare	Zitrusbaum; Rautengewächs (Rutaceae)
—	Porosia verrucosa¹⁰⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	3 Exemplare	Zitrusbaum; Rautengewächs (Rutaceae)
—	Quereuxia angulata¹⁰⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII, FUI	543 Exemplare	Wassernuss (Lythraceae)
—	Ranunculaceae indet.¹¹⁰	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIb	26 Exemplare	Hahnenfußgewächs (Ranunculaceae)
—	Rhamnaceae indet.¹¹¹	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIII	27 Exemplare	Kreuzdorn (Rhamnaceae)
—	Rhamnica cleburnii¹¹²	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	177 Exemplare	Kreuzdorn (Rhamnaceae)
—	Rhamnus salicifolius¹¹³	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Mehrere Exemplare	Kreuzdorn (Rhamnaceae)
—	Rosaceae indet.¹¹⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIb, HCIII	217 Exemplare	Rosengewächs (Rosaceae)
—	Sabalites sp.¹¹⁵	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII, FUI	87 Exemplare	Palme (Arecaceae)
—	Salix sp.¹¹⁶	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Mehrere Exemplare	Weide (Salicaceae)
—	Sarcandra sp.¹¹⁷	Montana	Typlokalität	1 Exemplar	Chloranthaceae
—	Spinifructus antiquus¹¹⁸	Montana	Dawson County Beds	Mehrere Exemplare	Palme (Arecaceae); Fruchtfossil
—	Trochodendroides arctica¹¹⁹	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Mehrere Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
—	Trochodendroides ellipticum¹²⁰	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIII, FUI	162 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
—	Trochodendroides genetrix¹²¹	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII, FU0, FUI	88 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
—	Trochodendroides nebrascensis¹²²	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	113 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
—	Urticaceae indet.¹²³	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIb, HCIIb	34 Exemplare	Brennessel (Urticaceae)
—	Viburnum sp.¹²⁴	Montana	Brownie Butte site	Mehrere Exemplare	Schneeball (Adoxaceae)
—	Vitis stantonii¹²⁵¹²⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII; Typlokalität	234 Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
—	Zingiberopsis attenuata¹²⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIb	11 Exemplare	Ingwer (Zingiberaceae)
—	Zingiberopsis magnifolia¹²⁸	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Wenige Exemplare	Ingwer (Zingiberaceae)
—	Zizyphoides flabella¹²⁹¹³⁰	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIb, FU0, FUI, Typlokalität	439 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
—	Ziziphus fibrillosus¹³¹	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	55 Exemplare	Ziziphus-Strauch; Kreuzdorngewächse (Rhamnaceae)

Pollen:

Die umfassendste Abhandlung über die aus der Hell Creek Formation bekannten Pollenfossilien haben Norton & Hall (1969) abgefasst. Alle hier aufgeführten Angaben stammen aus dieser Quelle.¹³²

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Abietineaepollenites foveoreticulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Konifere
—	Abietineaepollenites microalatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Konifere
—	Abietineaepollenites varius	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Konifere
—	Acanthotriletes levidensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Alnipollenites verus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Appendicisporites tricornitatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites amplus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites attenuatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites collaris	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites conatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites delicatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites marmarthensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites polaris	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites pulvinus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites pyriformis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites quadricretaeus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites quadrilobus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites reductus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites reticulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites senonicus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites striatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites turbidus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Azolla cretacea	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Schwimmfarn
—	Balmeisporites sp.	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Calamospora mesozoica	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Camarozonosporites heskemensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Cicatricosisporites carlylensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Cicatricosisporites dorogensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Cingulatisporites dakotaensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Cingulatisporites scabratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Clavatricolpites prolatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Concavisporites rugulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Converrucosisporites sp.	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Corylus granilabratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Haselnuss
—	Cupanieidites major	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Cyathidites foveolatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Zykadee
—	Cyathidites minor	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Zykadee
—	Cycadopites scabratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Zykadee
—	Deltoidospora diaphana	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Dicotetradites granulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Ephedripites ovatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Ephedripites undulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Erdtmanipollis cretaceus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Gleicheniidites excelsus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Gleicheniidites senonicus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Gnetaceaepollenites eocenipites	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Haloragacidites quadratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Hamulatisporis hamulatis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Hymenophyllumsporites parvus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Farn
—	Hymenophyllumsporites pseudomaximus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Farn
—	Ilexpollenites compactus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Inaperturopollenites rugulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Interpollis cf. supplingensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Kurtzipites trispissatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Laevigatosporites anomalus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Laevigatosporites discordatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Laevigatosporites gracilis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Laevigatosporites ovatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Liliacidites variegatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Liliacidites sp.	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Lycopodiumsporites austroclavatidites	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Momipites circularis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Momipites parvus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Monosulcites carpentieri	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Monosulcites crescentus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Monosulcites latus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Monosulcites tectatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Monosulcites sp.	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Myrtipites granulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Myrtipites scabratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Nyssapollenites analepticus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Nyssapollenites pseudocruciatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Osmundacidites wellmanii	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Pachysandra cretaceae	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Palmidites maximus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Peromonolites granulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Phyllocladidites mawsonii	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Phyllocladidites ruei	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Podocarpidites otagoensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Polyadopollenites psilatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Polycolpites granulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Polypodiidites inangahuensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Proteacidites retusus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Proteacidites thalmannii	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Psilatricolporites prolatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Pterocaryapollenites stellatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Reticuloidosporites dentatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Schizosporis complexus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Schizosporis parvus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Spheripollenites subgranulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Spinamonoporites typicus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Stereisporites antiquasporites	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Stereisporites psilatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Striainaperturites ovatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Styx major	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Styx minor	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Taxodiaceaepollenites hiatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Triatriopollenites granilabratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolpites bacustriatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpites delicatulus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpites foveolatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpites interangulus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpites parvistriatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpites psilascabratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpites reticulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpites striatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpopollenites clavireticulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolpopollenites megaexactus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolpopollenites microreticulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolpopollenites microscabratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolpopollenites spp.	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolporopollenites elongatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolporopollenites foveotectatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolporopollenites granustriatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolporopollenites megaexactus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolporopollenites prolatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolporopollenites striatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Triplanosporites sinuosus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Triporopollenites rugatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Ulmipollenites undulosus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Ulmipollenites verrucatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Ulmoideipites tricostatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Wodehouseia spinata	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Zlivisporis blanensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—

Weitere Lagerstätten an den Gestaden des Binnenmeeres:

Hell Creek Formation

Lance Formation

Ferris Formation

Denver Formation

Laramie Formation

Cimarron Ridge Formation

Weitere Lagerstätten aus Mein traumhaftes Dinosaurier-Buch:

Hell Creek Formation – South Dakota (USA) vor 66 Ma

Prince Creek Formation – Alaska (USA) vor 69 Ma

Djadochta Formation – Mongolei vor 74 Ma

Niobrara Chalk Formation – Kansas vor 85 Ma

Bahariya Formation – Ägypten vor 100 Ma

Yixian Formation – Liaoning (China) vor 125 Ma

Altmühltal Formation – Bayern (Deutschland) vor 155 Ma

Posidonienschiefer – Baden-Württemberg (Deutschland) vor 180 Ma

Trossingen Formation – Baden Württemberg (Deutschland) vor 210 Ma

Chinle Formation – Arizona (USA) vor 225 Ma

Alle anderen Lagerstätten, die in meinen Büchern eine Rolle spielen, erreichst du über meine Interaktive Karte:

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Quellenangaben:

1
Fastovsky, D. E. & McSweeney, K. (1987). Paleosols spanning the Cretaceous–Paleogene transition, eastern Montana and western North Dakota. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 99(1), 66. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<66:PSTCTE>2.0.CO;2
2
Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
3
Peppe, D. J., Erickson, J. M. & Hickey, L. J. (2007). Fossil leaf species from the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous, North Dakota, USA) and their paleogeographic significance. Journal of Paleontology, 81(3), 550–567. doi:10.1666/05067.1
4
Stockey, R. A., Rothwell, G. W. & Johnson, K. R. (2016). Evaluating relationships among floating aquatic monocots – a new species of Cobbania (Araceae) from the Upper Maastrichtian of South Dakota. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 177(8), 706–725. doi:10.1086/688285
5
Manchester, S. R. & Hickey, L. J. (2007). Reproductive and vegetative organs of Browniea gen. n. (Nyssaceae) from the Paleocene of North America. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168(2), 229–249. doi:10.1086/509661
6
Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.
7
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
8
Johnson, K. R. & Hickey, L. J. (1990). Megafloral change across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. In Global Catastrophes in Earth History – An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 247, 433–444. doi:10.1130/SPE247-p433
9
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
10
Johnson, K. R., Nichols, D. J., Attrep, M. & Orth, C. J. (1989). High-resolution leaf-fossil record spanning the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature, 340(6236), 708–711. doi:10.1038/340708a0
11
Woelders, L. et al. (2017). Latest Cretaceous climatic and environmental change in the South Atlantic region. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 32(5), 466–483. doi:10.1002/2016PA003007
12
Barnet, J. S. K. et al. (2018). A new high-resolution chronology for the late Maastrichtian warming event – establishing robust temporal links with the onset of Deccan volcanism. Geology, 46(2), 147–150. doi:10.1130/G39771.1
13
Barnet, J. S. K. et al. (2018). A new high-resolution chronology for the late Maastrichtian warming event – establishing robust temporal links with the onset of Deccan volcanism. Geology, 46(2), 147–150. doi:10.1130/G39771.1
14
Retallack, G. J. (1994). A pedotype approach to latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary paleosols in eastern Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 106(11), 1377–1397. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1377:APATLC>2.3.CO;2
15
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
16
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
17
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
18
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
19
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
20
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
21
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
22
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
23
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
24
Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
25
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
26
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
27
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
28
Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
29
Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
30
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Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
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Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.
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Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Stockey, R. A., Rothwell, G. W. & Johnson, K. R. (2016). Evaluating relationships among floating aquatic monocots – a new species of Cobbania (Araceae) from the Upper Maastrichtian of South Dakota. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 177(8), 706–725. doi:10.1086/688285
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Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.
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Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
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Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica B, 119, 54–75.
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Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
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Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Peppe, D. J., Erickson, J. M. & Hickey, L. J. (2007). Fossil leaf species from the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous, North Dakota, USA) and their paleogeographic significance. Journal of Paleontology, 81(3), 550–567. doi:10.1666/05067.1
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains – An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329
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Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P., Clemens, W. A., Horner, J. R. & Hartman, J. H. (Eds.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)
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