Fossilbericht der Hell Creek- und Lance Formation

Lesedauer 83 Minuten

Die Hell Creek Formation ist die wohl bekannteste Fossillagerstätte aus dem Maastrichtiums der USA und gehört auch zu den am intensivsten erforschten auf der ganzen Welt. Zusammen mit der stratigraphisch identischen Lance Formation aus Wyoming bietet sie die wohl besten Einblicke ins Ökosystem des westlichen Nordamerikas während der letzten beiden Jahrmillionen des Mesozoikums. Nicht zuletzt deshalb habe ich diese Gegend als ersten Handlungsort für meine Romanreihe Die Weißen Steine ausgewählt. Hier wurden nicht nur viele der berühmtesten Dinosaurier gefunden, sondern auch eine Vielzahl weiterer interessanter Lebewesen aus der späten Kreidezeit.¹ Aufgrund des schieren Umfangs der im Fossilbericht dieser Formationen belegten Arten sind sie hier in einem eigenen Artikel gelistet.

Diese schiere Anzahl verblüfft umso mehr, wenn man sich vor Augen führt, dass nur ein Bruchteil der Lebewesen überhaupt die Chance bekam, als Fossil überliefert zu werden. Und immer noch und immer wieder werden neue Arten aus der Oberkreide Montanas, der Dakotas und Wyomings beschrieben, wo sich die Hell Creek Formation einst ablagerte. Trotz des umfangreichen Fossilberichts ist uns das wahre Ausmaß der dortigen Artenvielfalt also noch gar nicht bekannt. Wir haben zum Beispiel nur sehr wenige Insektenfossilien aus dieser Lagerstätte beschrieben. Heute bilden Insekten aber den größten Teil der Artenvielfalt eines Ökosystems ab. Da die Hell Creek Formation ein sehr wasserreicher Lebensraum war, überrascht es auch, dass wir von den wahrscheinlich zahlreichen Krebstieren auch noch kaum etwas wissen. Weiter landeinwärts gab es offenbar ausgedehnte Waldgebiete. Aber außer Kohle finden sich dort auch kaum Fossilien von Tieren. Viele von ihnen, vielleicht auch einige Spezies von Dinosauriern, die in diesen Wäldern lebten, sind also wahrscheinlich nicht als Fossil erhalten geblieben, sodass wir nie von ihnen erfahren werden.

Die weltweit größte Sammlung von Fossilien aus beiden Formationen wird im Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman (Montana) aufbewahrt und ausgestellt. Die gezeigten Exemplare stammen aus dem Hell Creek Project, einer Initiative des Museums, der Montana State University, der University of Washington, der University of California in Berkeley, der University of North Dakota und der University of North Carolina, die bereits 1998 begann. 1966 wurde das Hell Creek Fossil Area vom National Park Service als National Natural Landmark ausgewiesen.²

Sowohl aus der Hell Creek- als auch aus der Lance Formation sind auch marine Fazies bekannt, wie etwa das Cannonball Marine Member. Da es nicht die typische Fauna von Landlebewesen enthält, sondern vor allem marine Wirbellose, werden diese Abschnitte oft auch zum marinen Pierre Shale oder zur etwas älteren Fox Hills Formation gezählt.^[3] Die dort nachgewiesenen Arten sind hier nun aber ebenfalls mit aufgelistet. Sie gehören aber streng genommen nicht zur typischen Lancian Fauna.

Karte mit den Aufschlüssen der marinen Pierre Shale- und Fox Hills Formation, sowie der lakustrinen Hell Creek- und Lance Formation aus der obersten Kreidezeit, sowie der paläozänen Fort Union Formation, alle in den Williston- und Powder-River-Becken. Modifizierte Karte nach **Hartman (2002)**, aus dem als gemeinfrei gekennzeichneten Paper von **Denver Fowler (2020)**. Dort heruntergeladen am 18.10.2025.

Foraminifera:³

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Cristellaria sp.	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball-Member)	480 Exemplare	Foraminiferida
—	Nodosaria sp.	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball-Member)	1454 Exemplare	Nodosariidae

Korallen:⁴

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Paracyathus kayserensis	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Steinkoralle (Caryophylliidae)
—	Paracyathus lloydei	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Steinkoralle (Caryophylliidae)
—	Paracyathus thomi	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Steinkoralle (Caryophylliidae)
—	Steriphonotrochus leithensis	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Hartkoralle (Guyniidae)
—	Trochocyathus dakotaensis	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Steinkoralle (Caryophylliidae)
—	Trochocyathus neumani (?)	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Steinkoralle (Caryophylliidae)

Kopffüßer:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Baculites compressus⁵	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies	27 Exemplare	Ammonit (Baculitidae)
—	Baculites ovatus⁶	South Dakota	untere bis obere marine Fazies	50 Exemplare	Ammonit (Baculitidae)
—	Discoscaphites conradi⁷	South Dakota	untere bis obere marine Fazies	75 Exemplare	Ammonit (Scaphitidae)
	Discoscaphites rossi⁸	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	10 Exemplare	Ammonit (Scaphitidae)
—	Placenticeras whitfieldi⁹	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies	240 Exemplare	Ammonit (Placenticeratidae)
—	Scaphites abyssinus¹⁰	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Ammonit (Scaphitidae)
—	Scaphites cheyennensis¹¹	South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	24 Exemplare	Ammonit (Scaphitidae)
—	Scaphites nicolleti¹²	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	33 Exemplare	Ammonit (Scaphitidae)
—	Scaphites nodosus¹³	Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies	15 Exemplare	Ammonit (Scaphitidae)
—	Scaphites sp.¹⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies	—	Ammonit (Scaphitidae)
—	Scaphitidae indet.¹⁵	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Ammonit (Scaphitidae)
—	Sphenodiscus lenticularis¹⁶¹⁷	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies; Hell Creek Formation	36 Exemplare	Ammonit (Sphenodiscidae)

Muscheln:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Anatina subgracilis¹⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	4 Exemplare	Löffelmuschel (Periplomatidae)
—	Anomia gryphorhyncha¹⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	7 Exemplare	Salzwassermuschel (Anomiidae)
—	Anomia micronema²⁰	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	7 Exemplare	Sattelmuschel (Anomiidae)
—	Callista (Dosinopsis) deweyi²¹	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies	13 Exemplare	Venusmuschel (Veneridae)
—	Corbicula (Leptesthes) berthoudi²²	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Körbchenmuschel (Cyrenidae)
—	Corbicula cytheriformis²³	South Dakota	untere bis obere marine Fazies	—	Körbchenmuschel (Corbiculidae)
—	Corbicula nebrascensis²⁴	South Dakota	untere bis obere marine Fazies	—	Körbchenmuschel (Corbiculidae)
—	Corbicula occidentalis²⁵	South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	—	Körbchenmuschel (Corbiculidae)
—	Corbicula subelliptica²⁶²⁷	South Dakota	untere marine Fazies; Hell Creek Formation	—	Körbchenmuschel (Corbiculidae)
—	Corbicula sp.²⁸	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Körbchenmuschel (Corbiculidae)
—	Corbula mactriformis²⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Korbmuschel (Corbulidae)
—	Crassatellites (Crassatella) evansi³⁰	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball-Member)	—	Trapezmuschel (Crassatellidae)
—	Crassostrea subtrigonalis³¹³²	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere marine Fazies; Hell Creek Formation	—	Auster (Ostreidae)
—	Cucullaea nebraskensis³³	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies	9 Exemplare	Kapuzenmuschel (Cucullaeidae)
—	Cucullaea shumardi³⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Kapuzenmuschel (Cucullaeidae)
—	Cucullaea solenensis³⁵	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball-Member)	—	Kapuzenmuschel (Cucullaeidae)
—	Cuspidaria ventricosa³⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	7 Exemplare	Keulenmuschel (Cuspidariidae)
—	Cymbophora warrenana³⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	21 Exemplare	Trogmuschel (Mactridae)
—	Dentalium pauperculum³⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Elefantenzahnmuschel (Dentaliidae)
—	Eriphyla mandanensis³⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Astarte (Astartidae)
—	Glycymeris subimbricata⁴⁰	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Samtmuschel (Glycymerididae)
—	Granocardium sp.⁴¹	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Herzmuschel (Cardiidae)
—	Hiatella sp. (?)⁴²	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Salzwassermuschel (Hiatellidae)
—	Inoceramus barabini (?)⁴³	Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	—	Salzwassermuschel (Inoceramidae)
—	Leda mansfieldi⁴⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Schnabelmuschel (Nuculanidae)
—	Leptosolen sp.⁴⁵	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Salzwassermuschel (Cultellidae)
—	Limopsis striatopunctatus⁴⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	3 Exemplare	Salzwassermuschel (Limopsidae )
—	Lucina cedrensis⁴⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Mondmuschel (Lucinidae)
—	Malletia evansi⁴⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere bis obere marine Fazies	8 Exemplare	Salzwassermuschel (Malletiidae)
—	Modiolus bucharrellensis⁴⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Miesmuschel (Mytilidae)
—	Modiolus meeki⁵⁰	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	9 Exemplare	Miesmuschel (Mytilidae)
—	Nucula cancellata⁵¹	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	9 Exemplare	Nussmuschel (Nuculidae)
—	Nucula planimarginata⁵²	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies	12 Exemplare	Nussmuschel (Nuculidae)
—	Nucula subplana⁵³	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Nussmuschel (Nuculidae)
—	Nymphalucina occidentalis⁵⁴	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	13 Exemplare	Mondmuschel (Lucinidae)
—	Obovaria pyramidella (?)⁵⁵	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) (?)
—	Ostrea glabra⁵⁶	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	3 Exemplare	Auster (Ostreidae)
—	Oxytoma nebrascana⁵⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	42 Exemplare	Flügelmuschel (Oxytomidae)
—	Phelopteria linguaeformis⁵⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado	untere bis obere marine Fazies	33 Exemplare	Flügelmuschel (Pteriidae)
—	Pleiodon sp.⁵⁹	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Iridinidae)
—	Plesielliptio gibbosoides⁶⁰	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Plesielliptio postbiplicatus⁶¹	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Plesielliptio whitfieldi⁶²	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Plethobasus aesopiformis⁶³	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Plethobasus biesopoides⁶⁴	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Pleurobema cryptorhynchus⁶⁵	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Portlandia (Arctica) ovata⁶⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Salzwassermuschel (Yoldiidae )
—	Proparreysia barnumi⁶⁷	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Proparreysia corbiculoides⁶⁸	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Proparreysia holmesiana⁶⁹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Proparreysia letsoni⁷⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Proparreysia paucinodosa⁷¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Proparreysia percorrugata⁷²	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Proparreysia pyramidatoides⁷³	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Proparreysia retusoides⁷⁴	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Proparreysia verrucosiformis⁷⁵	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Protocardia subquadrata⁷⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	10 Exemplare	Herzmuschel (Cardiidae)
—	Quadrula cylindricoides⁷⁷	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Rhabdotophorus aldrichi⁷⁸	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
—	Solemya bilix⁷⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Schotenmuschel (Solemyidae)
—	Sphaerium beckmani⁸⁰	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation	7 Exemplare	Salzwassermuschel (Sphaeriidae)
—	Tancredia sp. (?)⁸¹	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Herzmuschel (Tancrediidae)
—	Tancredia americana⁸²	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	11 Exemplare	Herzmuschel (Tancrediidae)
—	Tellina scitula⁸³	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	4 Exemplare	Plattmuschel (Tellinidae)
—	Trigonia? hancocki⁸⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Dreiecksmuschel (Trigoniidae)
—	Tellina scitula⁸⁵	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere bis obere marine Fazies	4 Exemplare	Plattmuschel (Tellinidae)
—	Yoldia thomi⁸⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Salzwasssermuschel (Yoldiidae)

Schnecken:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Anchura (Drepanocheilus) americana⁸⁷	South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	—	Pelikanfuß (Aporrhaidae)
—	Campeloma sp.⁸⁸	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwasserschnecke (Viviparidae)
—	Cinulia coacinna⁸⁹	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Salzwasserschnecke (Ringiculidae)
—	Cylichna volvaria⁹⁰	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Kanu-Blasenschnecke (Cylichnidae)
—	Fasciolaria (Piestochilus) culbertsoni⁹¹	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Tulpenschnecke (Fasciolariidae)
—	Fasciolaria buccinoides⁹²	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Tulpenschnecke (Fasciolariidae)
—	Haminea minor⁹³	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Blasenschnecke (Bullidae)
—	Lunatia concinna⁹⁴	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Mondschnecke (Naticidae)
—	Lunatia obliquata⁹⁵	South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	5 Exemplare	Mondschnecke (Naticidae)
—	Lunatia occidentalis⁹⁶	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Mondschnecke (Naticidae)
—	Lunatia subcrassa⁹⁷	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Mondschnecke (Naticidae)
—	Melampus sp.⁹⁸	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Küstenschnecke (Ellobiidae)
—	Melania (Nerita) insculpta⁹⁹	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Kahnschnecke (Neritidae)
—	Melania wyomingensis¹⁰⁰	Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	—	Kahnschnecke (Neritidae)
—	Neritina bruneri¹⁰¹	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Kahnschnecke (Neritidae)
—	Neritina (Velatella) baptista¹⁰²	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Kahnschnecke (Neritidae)
—	Panope simulatrix¹⁰³	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Felsenbohrer (Hiatellidae)
—	Pyropsis bairdi¹⁰⁴	South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	—	Salzwasserschnecke (Moreidae)
—	Pyrifusus newberryi¹⁰⁵	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Salzwasserschnecke (Pholidotomida)
—	Serrifusus dakotensis¹⁰⁶	Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	2 Exemplare	Kronenschnecke (Melongenidae)
—	Teredo sp.¹⁰⁷	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Schiffsbohrer (Teredinidae)

Insekten:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Aeschnidiidae indet.¹⁰⁸	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Libelle (Aeschnidiidae)
—	Brachycera indet.¹⁰⁹	South Dakota	Obere Hell Creek Formation	—	Fliege (Brachycera)
	Cephaloleichnites strongi¹¹⁰	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Fraßspur eines Käfers auf Ingwer-Blatt
—	Hemiphlebiidae indet.¹¹¹	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Damselfliege (Hemiphlebiidae)
—	Nematocera indet.¹¹²	South Dakota	Obere Hell Creek Formation	—	Mücke (Nematocera)

Die hier beschriebenen Insekten sind vor allem aus Bernstein-Einschlüssen bekannt.¹¹³Viele von ihnen, die in der Hell Creek Formation und der darüberliegenden Fort Union Formation noch vorkamen, sind wahrscheinlich während des Massenaussterbens am Ende der Kreidezeit ausgestorben.¹¹⁴¹¹⁵¹¹⁶

Knorpelfische:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Carcharias sp.¹¹⁷	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Sandtigerhai (Carchariidae)
—	Carcharhinidae indet. ¹¹⁸	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Requiemhai (Carcharhinidae)
—	Chiloscyllium sp.¹¹⁹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Bambushai (Hemiscylliidae)
	Galagadon nordquistae¹²⁰	South Dakota (Matrix von T. rex „Sue“)	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Teppichhai (Orectolobiformes)
—	Lonchidion selachos¹²¹¹²²	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	59 Exemplare	Hybodonter Hai (Lonchidiidae)
	Myledaphus biparitus¹²³	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	185 Exemplare	Gitarrenrochen (Rhinobatidae)
	Myledaphus pustulosus¹²⁴¹²⁵	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	über 1600 Exemplare	Gitarrenrochen (Rhinobatidae)
—	Protoginglymostoma estesi¹²⁶	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Ammenhai (Ginglymostomatidae)
	Restesia americana¹²⁷¹²⁸¹²⁹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Mittlere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	26 Exemplare	Teppichhai (Orectolobiformes)
—	Scapanorhynchus sp. ¹³⁰	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Koboldhai (Mitsukurinidae)
	Texatrygon avonicola¹³¹	Wyoming	Lance Formation	44 Exemplare	Rochen (Ptychotrygonidae)

Knochenfische:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Acipenser amnisinferos ¹³²	North Dakota (Tanis)	Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom	—	Stör (Acipenseridae)
—	Acipenser cf. amnisinferos¹³³	North Dakota (Tanis)	Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom	—	Stör (Acipenseridae)
	Acipenser eruciferus¹³⁴	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	11 Exemplare	Stör (Acipenseridae)
—	Acipenser praeparatorum¹³⁵	North Dakota (Tanis)	Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom	—	Stör (Acipenseridae)
—	Acipenser sp.¹³⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	18 Exemplare	Stör (Acipenseridae)
—	Anchiacipencer acanthaspis¹³⁷	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Stör (Acipenseridae)
—	Belonostomus longirostris¹³⁸	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	70 Exemplare	Knochenfisch (Aspidorhynchiformes)
—	Coriops amnicolus¹³⁹¹⁴⁰	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	54 Exemplare	Knochenfisch (Osteoglossomorpha)
	Cyclurus fragosus¹⁴¹¹⁴²	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	über 2600 Exemplare	Kahlhecht (Amiidae)
	„Lepisosteus occidentalis“¹⁴³¹⁴⁴¹⁴⁵	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	über 980 Exemplare	Knochenhecht (Lepisosteidae)
	Melvius thomasi¹⁴⁶¹⁴⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	41 Exemplare	Kahlhecht (Amiidae)
—	Pachyrhizodontoidei indet.¹⁴⁸	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Knochenfisch (Pachyrhizodontoidei)
—	Palaeolabrus montanensis¹⁴⁹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	4 Exemplare	Knochenfisch (Palaeolabridae)
	Paleopsephurus wilsoni¹⁵⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	4 Exemplare	Löffelstör (Polyodontidae)
—	Paralbula casei¹⁵¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	82 Exemplare	Knochenfisch (Phyllodontidae)
—	Parapsephurus willybemisi¹⁵²	North Dakota (Tanis)	Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom	—	Löffelstör (Polyodontidae)
—	Phyllodus paulkatoi¹⁵³	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	3 Exemplare	Knochenfisch (Phyllodontidae)
—	Platacodon nanus¹⁵⁴	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	21 Exemplare	Umberfisch (Sciaenidae)
—	Polyodontidae indet.¹⁵⁵	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Löffelstör (Polyodontidae)
—	Protamia sp.¹⁵⁶	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Kahlhecht (Amiidae)
—	Protoscaphirhynchus squamosus¹⁵⁷	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Stör (Acipenseridae)
—	Pugiopsephurus squamosus¹⁵⁸	North Dakota (Tanis)	Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom	—	Löffelstör (Polyodontidae)

Amphibien:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Anura indet.¹⁵⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota	Mittlere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	3 Exemplare	Frosch
—	Barbourula sp.¹⁶⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Unke (Bombinatoridae)
—	Caudata indet.¹⁶¹¹⁶²	North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	149 Exemplare	Salamander?
—	Eopelobates sp.¹⁶³	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Kröte (Pelobatidae)
	Habrosaurus dilatus¹⁶⁴¹⁶⁵	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Mittlere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	52 Exemplare	Armmolch (Sirenidae)
—	Lisserpeton bairdi¹⁶⁶¹⁶⁷	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	25 Exemplare	Schwanzlurch (Scapherpetontidae)
—	Opisthotriton kayi¹⁶⁸¹⁶⁹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	111 Exemplare	Salamander (Batrachosauroididae)
	Paranecturus garbanii¹⁷⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	8 Exemplare	Grottenolm (Proteidae)
—	Proamphiuma cretacea¹⁷¹	Montana, North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	4 Exemplare	Schwanzlurch (Caudata)
—	Prodesmodon copei¹⁷²¹⁷³	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	32 Exemplare	Salamander (Batrachosauroididae)
	Scapherpeton tectum¹⁷⁴¹⁷⁵	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	132 Exemplare	Schwanzlurch (Scapherpetontidae)
—	Scotiophryne pustulosa¹⁷⁶¹⁷⁷	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	16 Exemplare	Frosch (Anura)

Schuppenechsen:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Boidae indet.¹⁷⁸	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	—
—	Cemeterius monstrosus¹⁷⁹¹⁸⁰¹⁸¹	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Schuppenechse (Platynota)
—	Cerberophis robustus¹⁸²¹⁸³	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Schlange (Alethinophidia)
—	Chamops segnis¹⁸⁴¹⁸⁵	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	28 Exemplare	Schienenechse (Chamopsidae)
—	Contogenys sloani¹⁸⁶	Montana, South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	5 Exemplare	Skink (Scincidae)
—	Colpodontosaurus cracens¹⁸⁷¹⁸⁸¹⁸⁹	Wyoming	Lance Formation	10 Exemplare	Schleichenartiger (Anguimorpha)
—	Estescincosaurus cooki¹⁹⁰¹⁹¹	Wyoming	Lance Formation	3 Exemplare	Skink (Scincidae)
—	Exostinus lancensis¹⁹²¹⁹³	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	16 Exemplare	Höckereche (Xenosauridae)
—	Haptosphenus placodon¹⁹⁴¹⁹⁵	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	10 Exemplare	Schienenechse (Teiidae)
—	Leptochamops denticulatus¹⁹⁶¹⁹⁷	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	22 Exemplare	Schienenechse (Teiidae)
—	Litakis gilmorei¹⁹⁸	Wyoming	Lance Formation	3 Exemplare	Schuppenechse (Squamata; genauere Bestimmung nicht möglich)
—	Meniscognathus altmani¹⁹⁹	Wyoming	Lance Formation	11 Exemplare	Schienenechse (Chamopsidae)
—	Mosasauridae indet.²⁰⁰	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Mosasaurier
	Obamadon gracilis²⁰¹²⁰²²⁰³	Montana, Wyomimg	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Schuppenechse (Polyglyphanodontia)
	Palaeosaniwa canadensis²⁰⁴²⁰⁵	Montana, North Dakota, Wyomimg	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	22 Exemplare	Krustenechse (Monstersauria)
—	Paraderma bogerti²⁰⁶²⁰⁷	Montana, Wyomimg	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	13 Exemplare	Krustenechse (Monstersauria)
—	Parasaniwa wyomingensis²⁰⁸²⁰⁹	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	21 Exemplare	Waran (Palaeovaranidae)
—	Peneteius aquilonius²¹⁰²¹¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	5 Exemplare	Schuppenechse (Polyglyphanodontia)
—	Proxestops jepseni²¹²	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	11 Exemplare	Blindschleiche (Anguidae)

Aus den marinen Faszies der Hell Creek Formation sind die bislang noch unbestimmten Fossilien eines großen Mosasauriers bekannt, der eine geschätzte Länge von 11m gehabt haben könnte.²¹³

Pantestudines:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Adocus sp.²¹⁴²¹⁵	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	—	Halsberger-Schilddkröte (Adocidae)
—	Aspideretoides foveatus²¹⁶	Wyoming	Lance Formation	5 Exemplare	Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae)
	Axestemys infernalis²¹⁷²¹⁸²¹⁹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation	10 Exemplare	—
	Basilemys sinuosa²²⁰²²¹²²²	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	15 Exemplare	Tabasco-Flussschildkröte (Dermatemydidae)
—	Cedrobaena putorius²²³²²⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	5 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenoidea)
—	Chelydridae indet.²²⁵	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Alligatorschildkröte (Chelydridae)
—	Compsemys victa²²⁶²²⁷	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	116 Exemplare	Schnappschildkröte (Compsemydidae)
—	Emarginachelys cretacea²²⁸	Montana, North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	5 Exemplare	Alligatorschildkröte (Chelydridae)
—	Eubaena cephalica²²⁹²³⁰	Montana, North Dakota, Wyomimg	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	7 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
—	Gamerabaena sonsalla²³¹²³²	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
—	Gilmoremys lancensis²³³²³⁴	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	6 Exemplare	Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae)
—	Helopanoplia distincta²³⁵²³⁶	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	40 Exemplare	Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae)
—	Hoplochelys clark²³⁷	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Tabasco-Flussschildkröte (Dermatemydidae)
—	Hutchemys walkerorum²³⁸	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae)
—	Neurankylus eximius²³⁹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	9 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
—	Osteopygis (Judithemys) backmani²⁴⁰	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	13 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
—	Palatobaena cohen²⁴¹	Montana, North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	3 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
—	Peckemys (Cedrobaena) brinkman²⁴²²⁴³	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	5 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
—	Plastomenus sp.²⁴⁴²⁴⁵	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	—	Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae)
—	Plesiobaena antiqua²⁴⁶	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	25 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
—	Plesiosauria indet.	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Plesiosaurier
—	Saxochelys gilberti²⁴⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	3 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
—	Stygiochelys estesi²⁴⁸	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	5 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
—	Thescelus insiliens²⁴⁹²⁵⁰	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	5 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
—	Trionyx sp.²⁵¹²⁵²	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	—	Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae)

Choristodera:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
	Champsosaurus ambulator²⁵³²⁵⁴	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Champsosaurier (Champsosauridae)
—	Champsosaurus laramiensis²⁵⁵²⁵⁶	Montana, North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	5 Exemplare	Champsosaurier (Champsosauridae)
—	Champsosaurus sp.²⁵⁷	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Champsosaurier (Champsosauridae)

Krokodile:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
	Borealosuchus sternbergii²⁵⁸²⁵⁹²⁶⁰	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	85 Exemplare	Scheinkrokodil (Eusuchia)
	Brachychampsa montana²⁶¹²⁶²²⁶³	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	82 Exemplare	Alligator (Alligatoridae)
—	Prodiplocynodon langi²⁶⁴	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Scheinkrokodil (Crocodyloidea)
	Thoracosaurus neocesariensis²⁶⁵²⁶⁶	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	30 Exemplare	Scheinkrokodil (Eusuchia)

Es sind außerdem die fragmentarischen Überreste eines weiteren Krokodils bekannt, die vielleicht zu einem besonders großen Exemplar von Thoracosaurus gehören könnten.

Pterosaurier:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Azhdarchidae indet.²⁶⁷	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Azhdarchidae
	Infernodrakon hastacollis²⁶⁸²⁶⁹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Azhdarchidae
—	Pterosauria indet.²⁷⁰	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	(Pteranodontidae?)

Ornithischier:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
	Ankylosaurus magniventris²⁷¹²⁷²²⁷³	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	15 Exemplare	Ankylosauridae
—	Denversaurus schlessmani²⁷⁴²⁷⁵²⁷⁶	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	4 Exemplare	Nodosauridae
—	Dracorex hogwartsia²⁷⁷²⁷⁸²⁷⁹²⁸⁰	South Dakota	Mittlere Hell Creek Formation	—	umstritten, sehr wahrscheinlich Synonym zu Pachycephalosaurus
—	Edmontonia sp.²⁸¹	Wyoming	Lance Formation	—	umstritten, höchstwahrscheinlich synonym mit Denversaurus
	Edmontosaurus annectens²⁸²²⁸³²⁸⁴²⁸⁵²⁸⁶²⁸⁷²⁸⁸²⁸⁹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	29 Exemplare	Hadrosaurier (Saurolophini)
	Leptoceratops gracilis²⁹⁰²⁹¹²⁹²²⁹³	Montana, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	5 Exemplare	Ceratopsier (Leptoceratopsidae)
—	Nedoceratops hatcheri²⁹⁴²⁹⁵²⁹⁶²⁹⁷²⁹⁸	Wyoming	Lance Formation	—	umsritten, sehr wahrscheinlich Synonym zu Triceratops
	Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis²⁹⁹³⁰⁰³⁰¹³⁰²	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	26 Exemplare	Pachycephalosauridae
—	„Palaeosincus latus“³⁰³	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Nomen dubium. Zähne eines Nodosauriers oder Pachycephalosauriers.
—	Platytholus clemensi³⁰⁴	Montana	Untere Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Pachycephalosauridae
	Sphaerotholus buchholtzae³⁰⁵³⁰⁶³⁰⁷	Montana	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	2 Exemplare	Pachycephalosauridae
—	Sphaerotholus triregnum³⁰⁸³⁰⁹	Montana	Mittlere Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Pachycephalosauridae
—	Stygimoloch spinifer³¹⁰³¹¹³¹²³¹³³¹⁴	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Oberste Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	—	umstritten, möglicherweise Synonym oder jüngere Chronospezies zu Pachycephalosaurus
—	Tatankaceratops sacrisonorum³¹⁵³¹⁶	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	umstritten, höchstwahrscheinlich Synonym zu Triceratops
—	Thescelosaurus garbanii³¹⁷³¹⁸³¹⁹	Montana	Untere Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Thescelosauridae
	Thescelosaurus neglectus³²⁰³²¹³²²³²³³²⁴³²⁵	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	28 Exemplare	Thescelosauridae
	Torosaurus latus³²⁶³²⁷³²⁸³²⁹³³⁰³³¹	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	7 Exemplare	umstritten, möglicherweise Synonym zu Triceratops (Männchen?)
—	Triceratops horridus³³²³³³³³⁴³³⁵	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis mittlere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	41 Exemplare	Ceratopsier (Chasmosaurinae)
	Triceratops prorsus³³⁶³³⁷³³⁸³³⁹³⁴⁰³⁴¹	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	17 Exemplare	Ceratopsier (Chasmosaurinae); mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit jüngere Chronospezies von T. horridus.

Saurischia:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
	Acheroraptor temertyorum³⁴²³⁴³	Montana, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	2 Exemplare, viele Zähne	Dromaeosauridae (Velociraptorini)
	Anzu wyliei³⁴⁴³⁴⁵³⁴⁶³⁴⁷	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	12 Exemplare	Caenagnathidae
—	Caenagnathidae indet.³⁴⁸³⁴⁹	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	—	Sehr großer Oviraptorosaurier, deutlich größer als Anzu wyliei; sowie ein kleiner partieller Kiefer, der einst für den Schnabel eines Papageien gehalten wurde
	Dakotaraptor steini³⁵⁰³⁵¹³⁵²³⁵³	South Dakota	Obere Hell Creek Formation	4 Exemplare	umstritten, sehr großer Dromaeosaurier; wahrscheinlich eine Chimäre
—	Eoneophron infernalis³⁵⁴	South Dakota	Obere Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Caenagnathidae
—	Microraptoria indet.³⁵⁵	Wyoming	Lance Formation	4 Exemplare	Möglicherweise der jüngste Nachweis eines Microraptoriden. Könnte jedoch auch zu einem Halszkaraptorinen oder kleinen Unenlagnien gehören.
	Nanotyrannus lancensis³⁵⁶³⁵⁷³⁵⁸³⁵⁹	Montana	Obere Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Nanotyrannidae (Dryptosauridae?)
—	Nanotyrannus lethaeus³⁶⁰	Montana	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	umstritten, Basierend auf dem Exemplar „Jane“, das vielleicht auch ein juveniler T. rex sein könnte; Nanotyrannidae (Dryptosauridae?)
—	Ornithomimidae indet.³⁶¹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	15 Exemplare aus Hell Creek	Ornithomimidae
	Ornithomimus velox³⁶²³⁶³³⁶⁴³⁶⁵	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	5 Exemplare	Ornithomimidae
—	„Orcomimus“³⁶⁶	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar?	Nomen nudum; noch nicht beschriebener Ornithomimosaurier
	Pectinodon bakkeri³⁶⁷³⁶⁸	South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	5 Exemplare, viele Zähne	Troodontidae
—	Paronychodon caperatus³⁶⁹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	—	umstritten, viele Zahnfunde eines Troodontiden; wahrscheinlich Synonym zu Pectinodon
—	Richardoestesia sp.³⁷⁰³⁷¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	umstritten, „Mülleimer-Gattung“, der viele Zähne zugeschrieben wurden; wahrschleinlich Synonym zu Pectinodon
	Struthiomimus sedens³⁷²³⁷³³⁷⁴³⁷⁵³⁷⁶	Montana, Wyoming	Obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Ornithomimidae
	Trierarchuncus prairiensis³⁷⁷³⁷⁸³⁷⁹³⁸⁰	Montana, Wyoming	Obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	6 Exemplare	Alvarezsauridae
	Tyrannosaurus rex³⁸¹³⁸²³⁸³³⁸⁴	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	73 Exemplare	Tyrannosauridae

Vögel:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
	Avisaurus archibaldi³⁸⁵³⁸⁶³⁸⁷³⁸⁸	Montana, North Dakota	Mittlere Hell Creek Formation	2 Exemplare	Enantiornithes (Avisauridae)
	Avisaurus cf. archibaldi³⁸⁹	Montana	Oberste Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Enantiornithes (Avisauridae)
—	Avisaurus darwini³⁹⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Enantiornithes (Avisauridae)
—	Avisaurus sp.³⁹¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Enantiornithes (Avisauridae)
	Brodavis baileyi³⁹²	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Hesperornithes (Brodavidae)
—	Ceramornis major³⁹³³⁹⁴	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Regenpfeifer (Cimolopterygidae)
	Cimolopteryx rara³⁹⁵³⁹⁶	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Regenpfeifer (Cimolopterygidae)
—	„Cimolopteryx maxima“³⁹⁷³⁹⁸³⁹⁹	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Nomen dubium; wahrscheinlich kein Cimolopteryx; Röhrenschnabel (Cimolopterygidae?)
—	„Enantiornithine B“⁴⁰⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	noch unbeschrieben, Enantiornithes
—	Galloanserae indet.⁴⁰¹⁴⁰²	Wyoming	Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Galloanserae
—	Graculavus augustus⁴⁰³⁴⁰⁴	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Regenpfeifer (Charadriiformes?)
—	Enantiornithes indet.[Chiappe, L. M. & Walker, C. A. (2002). Skeletal morphology and systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces – Enantiornithes). In Chiappe, L. M. & Witmer, L. W. (Eds.), Mesozoic Birds – Above the Heads of Dinosaurs, 240–267. University of California Press.[/mfn]	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Enantiornithes, fälschlich zuerst Ornithomimus zugeordnet
—	„Hesperornithiform A“⁴⁰⁵⁴⁰⁶	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	noch unbeschrieben, Hesperornithes, vielleicht Synonym zu Potamornis
—	Lamarqueavis minima⁴⁰⁷⁴⁰⁸	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Regenpfeifer (Cimolopterygidae)
—	Lamarqueavis petra⁴⁰⁹⁴¹⁰	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Regenpfeifer (Cimolopterygidae)
—	Lonchodytes estesi⁴¹¹[/mfn]⁴¹²	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Röhrennasen (Procellariiformes?)
—	„Lonchodytes pterygius“⁴¹³	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Nomen dubium; wahrscheinlich kein Lonchodytes; Regenpfeifer (Charadriiformes?)
—	Magnusavis ekalakaenis⁴¹⁴	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Enantiornithes, eng verwandt mit Avisauridae
—	„Ornithurine A“⁴¹⁵⁴¹⁶	Wyoming	Lance Formation	3 Exemplare	noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae, ähnelt Cimolopteryx
—	„Ornithurine B“⁴¹⁷⁴¹⁸	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae, ähnelt Cimolopteryx
—	„Ornithurine C“⁴¹⁹⁴²⁰	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae
—	„Ornithurine D“⁴²¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae, wahrscheinlich Ichthyornithidae
—	„Ornithurine E“⁴²²	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae
—	„Ornithurine F“⁴²³	Wyoming	Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae, ähnelt Cimolopteryx
—	„Palaeotringa vetus“⁴²⁴	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Nomen dubium; wahrscheinlich kein Palaeotringa, vielleicht ein Kranichartiger (Gruiformes?)
	Palintropus retusus⁴²⁵⁴²⁶	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Ambiortiformes
—	Phalacrocoracidae indet.⁴²⁷	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Kormoran (Phalacrocoracidae)
—	Potamornis skutchi⁴²⁸⁴²⁹	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Hesperornithes
—	Presbyornithidae indet.⁴³⁰	Wyoming	Lance Formation	4 Exemplare	Presbyornithidae
	„Styginetta lofgreni“⁴³¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Mehrere Exemplare	noch unbeschrieben (Nomen nudum), Gänsevögel (Presbyornithidae)
—	Torotix clemensi⁴³²	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Pelikan (Pelecaniformes)

Multituberculata:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Cimexomys cf. minor⁴³³	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Multituberculata, unsichere Verwandtschaft
—	Cimexomys minor⁴³⁴⁴³⁵	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	30 Exemplare	Multituberculata, unsichere Verwandtschaft
—	Cimexomys sp.⁴³⁶	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Multituberculata, unsichere Verwandtschaft
—	Cimolodon cf. nitidus⁴³⁷⁴³⁸	South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Cimolodontidae
—	Cimolodon nitidus⁴³⁹⁴⁴⁰	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	77 Exemplare	Cimolodontidae
—	Cimolodon peregrinus⁴⁴¹	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Cimolodontidae
—	Cimolodon sp.⁴⁴²	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Cimolodontidae
—	Cimolomys cf. gracilis⁴⁴³	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Cimolomyidae
—	Cimolomys gracilis⁴⁴⁴	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation	32 Exemplare	Cimolomyidae
—	Essonodon browni⁴⁴⁵⁴⁴⁶	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	16 Exemplare	Cimolomyidae
	Meniscoessus cf. robustus⁴⁴⁷⁴⁴⁸	South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Cimolomyidae
—	Meniscoessus conquistus⁴⁴⁹	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	Mehrere Exemplare	Cimolomyidae
	Meniscoessus robustus⁴⁵⁰⁴⁵¹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	111 Exemplare	Cimolomyidae
—	Meniscoessus sp.⁴⁵²	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Cimolomyidae
—	Mesodma cf. formosa⁴⁵³	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Neoplagiaulacidae
—	Mesodma cf. hensleighi⁴⁵⁴	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Neoplagiaulacidae
—	Mesodma formosa⁴⁵⁵⁴⁵⁶	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	47 Exemplare	Neoplagiaulacidae
—	Mesodma hensleighi⁴⁵⁷⁴⁵⁸	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	25 Exemplare	Neoplagiaulacidae
—	Mesodma thompsoni⁴⁵⁹⁴⁶⁰	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	58 Exemplare	Neoplagiaulacidae
—	Mesodma sp.⁴⁶¹	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Neoplagiaulacidae
—	Multituberculata indet.⁴⁶²	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Multituberculata
—	Neoplagiaulax burgessi⁴⁶³	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Neoplagiaulacidae
—	Neoplagiaulacidae indet.⁴⁶⁴	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Neoplagiaulacidae
—	Paracimexomys priscus⁴⁶⁵⁴⁶⁶	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	11 Exemplare	Multituberculata, unsichere Verwandtschaft
—	Paressonodon nelsoni⁴⁶⁷⁴⁶⁸	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	3 Exemplare	Cimolomyidae
—	Parikimys carpenteri⁴⁶⁹	Wyoming	Lance Formation	3 Exemplare	Neoplagiaulacidae
—	Stygimys kuszmauli⁴⁷⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	40 Exemplare	Eucosmodontidae
—	Valenopsalis joyneri⁴⁷¹	Montana	Obere Hell Creek Formation	9 Exemplare	Taeniolabidoidea

Beuteltiere:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
	Alphadon cf. marshi⁴⁷²	Montana, South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Alphadontidae
—	Alphadon cf. wilsoni⁴⁷³	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Alphadontidae
	Alphadon marshi⁴⁷⁴⁴⁷⁵	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	30 Exemplare	Alphadontidae
—	Alphadon wilsoni⁴⁷⁶	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	3 Exemplare	Alphadontidae
	Didelphodon cf. vorax⁴⁷⁷	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Stagodontidae
—	Didelphodon padanicus⁴⁷⁸	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	20 Exemplare	Stagodontidae
	Didelphodon vorax⁴⁷⁹⁴⁸⁰	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	72 Exemplare	Stagodontidae
—	Didelphodon sp.⁴⁸¹	North Dakota, South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	Mehrere Exemplare	Stagodontidae
—	Glasbius cf. twitchelli⁴⁸²	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Glasbiidae
—	Glasbius twitchelli⁴⁸³	Montana, North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	20 Exemplare	Glasbiidae
—	Leptalestes cooki⁴⁸⁴⁴⁸⁵	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	22 Exemplare	Pediomyidae
—	Leptalestes krejcii⁴⁸⁶⁴⁸⁷⁴⁸⁸	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	23 Exemplare	Pediomyidae
—	Nanocuris improvida⁴⁸⁹	Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Deltatheridiidae
—	Nortedelphys jasoni⁴⁹⁰⁴⁹¹⁴⁹²	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	13 Exemplare	Herpetotheriidae
—	Pediomys elegans⁴⁹³⁴⁹⁴	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	35 Exemplare	Pediomyidae
—	Protalphadon foxi⁴⁹⁵	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Alphadontidae
—	Protalphadon lulli⁴⁹⁶⁴⁹⁷	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	11 Exemplare	Alphadontidae
—	Protolambda florencae⁴⁹⁸⁴⁹⁹⁵⁰⁰⁵⁰¹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	31 Exemplare	Pediomyidae
—	Protolambda hatcheri⁵⁰²⁵⁰³⁵⁰⁴⁵⁰⁵	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	38 Exemplare	Pediomyidae
—	Protolambda mcgilli⁵⁰⁶⁵⁰⁷⁵⁰⁸⁵⁰⁹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Pediomyidae
—	Turgidodon rhaister⁵¹⁰⁵¹¹	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	18 Exemplare	Alphadontidae

Plazentatiere:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Alostera saskatchewanensis⁵¹²⁵¹³	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	7 Exemplare	Eutheria, unklare Verwandtschaft
—	Altacreodus magnus⁵¹⁴⁵¹⁵	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	10 Exemplare	Vielleicht ein Creodont
—	Ambilestes cerberoides⁵¹⁶	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	9 Exemplare	Eutheria, unklare Verwandtschaft
—	Batodon tenuis⁵¹⁷⁵¹⁸	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	13 Exemplare	Cimolestidae
—	Cimolestes incisus⁵¹⁹⁵²⁰	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	19 Exemplare	Cimolestidae
—	Cimolestes stirtoni⁵²¹⁵²²	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	7 Exemplare	Cimolestidae
—	Gypsonictops cf. illuminatus⁵²³	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Leptictida (Gypsonictopsidae)
—	Gypsonictops hypoconus⁵²⁴⁵²⁵	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	35 Exemplare	Leptictida (Gypsonictopsidae)
—	Gypsonictops illuminatus⁵²⁶	Montana, North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	27 Exemplare	Leptictida (Gypsonictopsidae)
—	Gypsonictops sp.⁵²⁷	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Leptictida (Gypsonictopsidae)
—	Paranyctoides sp.⁵²⁸	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Spitzmausartige (Nyctitheriidae)
—	Protungulatum coombsi⁵²⁹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Huftiere (Protungulatidae)
	Purgatorius ceratops⁵³⁰⁵³¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	11 Exemplare	Panprimates (Purgatoriidae)
—	Scollardius propalaeoryctes⁵³²	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	3 Exemplare	Cimolestidae

Spurenfossilien:

Dinosaurier-Fußabdrücke aus der Hell Creek Formation sind äußerst selten. 2007 wurde ein möglicher Fußabdruck von Tyrannosaurus rexentdeckt, der ein Jahr später beschrieben wurde.⁵³³ 1997 wurde außerdem ein Abdruck eines mittelgroßen Fleischfressers entdeckt, der vielleicht von einem Tyrannosaurus-Jungtier oder möglicherweise einem Nanotyrannus hinterlassen wurde. Das Ichnofossil wurde als Wakinyantanka styxi beschrieben.⁵³⁴

Pflanzen:

Die Hell Creek Formation war eine wasserreiche, von Flüssen durchzogene und von saisonalen Überflutungen gekennzeichnetete Ebene. Während ihrer Ablagerungszeit zog sich das Meer immer weiter zurück. Auch dem feuchten Boden gediehen dichte Mischwälder aus Nadel- und Laubbäumen. Eine Vielfalt krautiger Blütenpflanzen, Farne und Moose wuchs im Unterholz des Waldes. An den freiliegenden Hängen großer Flusssysteme kamen Sträucher und Kletterpflanzen vor. Die Hinweise auf diese bewaldete Umgebung werden durch versteinertes Holz, verwurzelte Gley-Paläoböden und allgegenwärtige Blätter belegt. Der Aufbau dieser Wälder unterscheidet sich jedoch noch stark von jeder modernen Pflanzengesellschaft.⁵³⁵⁵³⁶⁵³⁷⁵³⁸⁵³⁹

Tatsächlich stellen bereits bedecktsamige Blütenpflanzen den bei weitem größten Teil des überlieferten Fossilberichts der Flora. Sie machen etwa etwa 90 Prozent aus, gefolgt von rund 5 Prozent Koniferen und 4 Prozent Farnen. Das letzte Prozent bilden alle anderen Pflanzengruppen. Verglichen mit den reichen Pflanzenfundstellen aus North und South Dakota wurden in Montana bislang relativ wenige Pflanzenfossilien gefunden. Einige Taxa wurden am Brownie Butte in Montana von Shoemaker gefunden, aber die meisten stammen aus North Dakota (Slope County) und aus South Dakota. Unter den Fundlokalitäten sind die Mud Buttes in Bowman County, North Dakota, wahrscheinlich das reichste Megaflora-Vorkommen und der artenreichste Fundort für Blattfossilien aus der Hell Creek Formation. Der Großteil der Hell-Creek-Megaflora-Exemplare wird heute im Denver Museum of Nature & Science aufbewahrt.⁵⁴⁰

Entwicklung der Flora über die Zeit

Einen deutlichen Gegensatz zu den heutigen Great Plains zeigen wärmeliebende Taxa wie Palmen und Ingwergewächse. Sie belegen auch, dass das Klima damals wärmer und feuchter war als heute. Es unterlag allerdings auch einem stetigen Wandel, wie sich besonders in der Vegetation zeigt. Insgesamt fünf Zonen der kreidezeitlichen Paläo-Flora werden heute unterschieden, beginnend mit der untersten und ältesten Zone: HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb und HCIII. Auch die jüngere, bereits paläozäne Fort Union Formation wird entsprechend in Flora-Zonen unterteilt, mit FU0 in eine Zone unmittelbar nach der K-Pg-Grenze und FUI mit der Flora-Zone nach einer Phase der Erholung. ⁵⁴¹ Viele Taxa sind in den unteren Zonen selten oder fehlen ganz, während andere, früher häufige Formen, in den oberen (und jüngeren) Zonen seltener werden. Alles deutet darauf hin, dass die globalen Temperaturen in den letzten 300.000–500.000 Jahren der Kreidezeit zunahmen,⁵⁴²⁵⁴³, was wahrscheinlich mit dem Dekkan-Vulkanismus in Indien zusammenhängt.⁵⁴⁴⁵⁴⁵⁵⁴⁶

Es gibt keinen Hinweis auf eine „Farnprärie“ in der Hell-Creek-Formation.⁵⁴⁷ Die genaue Beschaffenheit der Wälder ist höchst unsicher, da der Großteil der Gattungen der Angiospermen und Koniferen heute ausgestorben ist. Man geht davon aus, dass grob geschätzt 80 Prozent der terrestrischen Pflanzentaxa aus Hell Creek an der K–Pg-Grenze ausstarben. Andererseits gibt es einen starken Anstieg der fossilien Farnsporen in den zwei Zentimetern Gestein direkt oberhalb der K–Pg-Grenzschicht. Farne dürften die Flora somit in den ersten Jahrhunderten nach dem Einschlag dominiert haben, als sich die Natur langsam wieder erholte.⁵⁴⁸

Wichtige Hinweise zur Betrachtung des botanischen Fossilberichts

Viele Pflanzen, die im Laufe der langen Forschungsgeschichte der Hell Creek Formation beschrieben wurden, wurden einst modernen Pflanzen zugeordnet, denen die Fossilien ähnelten. Diese Einteilung sehen die meisten Forscher heute mit einiger Skepsis. Ähnlichkeiten können sich auch durch kovergente Evolution ergeben haben, was somit nicht heißt, dass hier tatsächliche Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse zu modernen Pflanzen bestehen, geschweige denn, dass die kreidezeitlichen Pflanzen heutigen Äquivalenten wirklich entsprachen. Aus diesem Grund hat man die meisten Taxa heute mit dem Präfix „aff.“ oder mit Anführungszeichen um den Gattungsnamen versehen, um auf diesen Umstand hinzuweisen. Es ist also keineswegs gesagt, dass trotz der botanischen Zuordnung im Lebensraum von T. rex und Co. wirklich Feigenbäume, Walnussbäume oder Weinreben gewachsen sind! Wir können das lediglich annehmen, aber nicht mit Gewissheit sagen.

Viele Pflanzen, die hier nun Erwähnung finden, kamen mit unterschiedlichen Graden an Häufigkeit in den verschiedenen Flora-Zonen vor. In manchen sind sie sogar gar nicht nachgewiesen. Einige Pflanzen kommen beispielsweise in der untersten Zone (HCIa) vor, fehlen aber in den darüberliegenden Schichten wie HCIII, tauchen dann aber nach dem Meteoriteneinschlag in FU0 und FUI wieder auf – manche sogar häufiger, als sie es in der Kreidezeit je waren. Somit kamen sie wahrscheinlich durchgängig im gesamten Ablagerungszeitraum bis zum Ende des Maastrichtiums in Hell Creek vor, waren in manchen Zeiten aber wohl eher selten. Die Zone, in denen eine Pflanze am häufigsten vorkam, ist in der Spalte „Stratigraphische Position“ grün markiert. So gewinnt der Leser hier auch eine Übersicht, welche Pflanzen in welcher Zeit häufiger und welche seltener waren.

Moose, Bärlappe und Farne:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Botrychium sp.	Montana	—	—	Natternzungenfarn (Ophioglossaceae)
—	Equisetum sp.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	4 Exemplare	Schachtelhalm (Equisetopsida)
—	Hydropteris pinnata	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa,	5 Exemplare	Schwimmfarn (Salviniales)
—	Marchantia pealii	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, FUI	33 Exemplare	Lebermoos (Marchantiophyta)
—	Polypodiaceae indet.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	1 Exemplar	Tüpfelfarn (Polypodiaceae)
—	Salvinia sp.	North Dakota	HCIII	1 Exemplar	Schwimmfarn (Salviniales)

Nacktsamer:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Androvettia catenulata	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII, FUI	54 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cheirolepidiaceae)
—	Araucaria sp.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIb	33 Exemplare	Araukarie (Araucaria)
—	Cupressinocladus interruptus	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, FUo, FUI; Typlokalität	178 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cupressaceae)
—	Dammarites sp.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	19 Exemplare	Araukarie (Araucaria)
—	Ditaxocladus catenulata	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	53 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cupressaceae)
—	Elatides longifolia	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIII	88 Exemplare	Nadelbaum (Pinophyta)
—	Ginkgo adiantoides	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, Typlokalität	84 Exemplare	Ginkgo (Ginkgoopsida)
—	Glyptostrobus europaeus	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, FU0, FUI, Typlokalität	534 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cupressaceae)
—	Glyptostrobus sp.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	22 Exemplare	Zypresse (Cupressaceae)
—	Metasequoia occidentalis	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIa, FUI; Typlokalität	190 Exemplare	Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae)
—	Metasequoia sp.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	58 Exemplare	Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae)
—	Nilssoniocladus comtula	Montana	Brownie Butte site	Viele Exemplare	Palmfarn (Cycadopsida)
—	Nilssoniocladus yukonensis	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	16 Exemplare	Palmfarn (Cycadopsida)
—	Sequoia sp.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIII	52 Exemplare	Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae)
—	Sequoites artus	Montana	Brownie Butte site	viele Exemplare	Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae)
—	Taxodium olrikii	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIII, FU0, FUI	92 Exemplare	Sumpfzypresse (Taxodioideae)

Blütenpflanzen:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Annona robusta	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	—	Annone (Annonaceae)
—	Araliaephyllum polevoi	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	13 Exemplare	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
—	Artocarpus lessigiana	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIIa, HCIII, Typlokalität	62 Exemplare	Brotfruchtbaum; Maulbeergewächs (Moraceae)
—	Averrhoites affinis	South Dakota	Licking Leaves Locality	1 Exemplar	Sauerkleegewächse (Oxalidaceae)
—	Berberidaceae indet.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	94 Exemplare	Berberitze (Berberidaceae)
—	Betula perantigua	Montana	Typolokalität	2 Exemplare	Birke (Betulacae)
—	Bisonia niemii	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	64 Exemplare	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
—	Browniea serrata	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Wenige Exemplare	Tupelo (Nyssaceae)
—	Cannabaceae indet.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIb, HCIIa	365 Exemplare	Hanfgewächs (Cannabaceae)
—	Carpites ulmiformis	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	9 Exemplare	Doldenblüter (Apiaceae)
—	Celastrus taurenensis	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb; Brownie Butte Site; Typlokalität	151 Exemplare	Baumwürger; Spindelbaumgewächs (Celastraceae)
—	Cercidiphyllum sp.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb	41 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
—	Cinnamomum lineafolia	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb	259 Exemplare	Zimtbaum; Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
—	Cissus marginatus	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Viele Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
—	Cissites acerifolia	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	29 Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
—	Cissites insignis	North Dakota	HCIII	1 Exemplar	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
—	Cissites lobata	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	9 Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
—	Cissites puilosokensis	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	16 Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
—	Cobbania corrugata	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb	61 Exemplare	Wassersalat, Aronstabgewächs (Araceae)
—	Cobbania hickeyi	—	—	—	Wassersalat, Aronstabgewächs (Araceae)
—	Cornophyllum newberryi	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIII, FU0, FUI	185 Exemplare	Kornelkirsche, Hartriegelgewächs (Cornaceae)
—	Dicotylophyllum anomalum	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FU0, FUI	373 Exemplare	Magnolie (Magnoliopsida)
—	Dombeyopsis obtusa	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Viele Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
—	Dryophyllum tenneseensis	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	99 Exemplare	Silberbaum (Sabiaceae)
—	Dryophyllum subfalcatum	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII, FU0; Brownie Butte Site; Typlokalität	1003 Exemplare	Silberbaum (Sabiaceae)
—	Erlingdorfia montana	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII, Typlokalität	320 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
—	Fagaceae indet.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa	4 Exemplare	Buche (Fagaceae)
—	Ficus planicostata	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	66 Exemplare	Feigenbaum; Maulbeergewächs (Moraceae)
—	Ficus trinervis	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Viele Exemplare	Feigenbaum; Maulbeergewächs (Moraceae)
—	Grewiopsis mcleari	Montana	Typlokalität	1 Exemplar	Malve (Malvaceae)
—	Grewiopsis saportana	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	134 Exemplare	Malve (Malvaceae)
—	Harmsia hydrocotyloidea	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FUI	30 Exemplare	Malve (Malvaceae)
—	Humulus sp.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	93 Exemplare	Hopfen; Hanfgewächs (Cannabaceae)
—	Juglans leconteana	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Mehrere Exemplare	Walnussbaum (Juglandaceae)
—	Laurophyllum lanceolatum	Montana	Typlokalität	1 Exemplar	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
—	Laurophyllum wardiana	North Dakota	HCIII	2 Exemplare	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
—	Leepierceia preartocarpoides	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa; Typlokalität	204 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
—	Limnobiophyllum scutatum	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIII, FUI	99 Exemplare	Wasserlinse; Aronstabgewächs (Araceae)
—	Liriodendrites bradacii	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	156 Exemplare	Tulpenbaum (Magnoliaceae)
—	Liriodendron laramiense	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	Wenige Exemplare	Tulpenbaum (Magnoliaceae)
—	Liriodendron sp.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	8 Exemplare	Tulpenbaum (Magnoliaceae)
—	Magnoliaceae indet.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	65 Exemplare	Magnolie (Magnoliaceae)
—	Mamarthia johnsonii	North Dakota	Missouri River Valley	1 Exemplar	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
—	Marmarthia pearsonii	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	249 Exemplare	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
—	Mamarthia trivialis	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIII	282 Exemplare	Lorbeer (Lauraceae)
—	Myrica torreyi	North Dakota	HCIII	2 Exemplare	Myrica (Myricaceae)
—	Nelumbo sp.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	4 Exemplare	Lotus (Nelumbonaceae)
—	Nelumbium montanum	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIII, FUI	27 Exemplare	Lotus (Nelumbonaceae)
—	Nordenskioldia borealis	North Dakota, South Dakota	FU0, FUI (erst Paläozän!)	15 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
—	Nyssidium arcticum	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII, FU0, FUI	49 Exemplare	Araliengewächs (Araliaceae)
—	Palaeoaster inquirenda	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	78 Exemplare	Mohn (Papaveraceae)
—	Paranymphaea crassifolia	North Dakota, South Dakota	FUI (Nur Paläozän!)	108 Exemplare	Seerose (Nymphaeaceae)
—	Paranymphaea hastata	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	92 Exemplare	Seerose (Nymphaeaceae)
—	Penosphyllum cordatum	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FUI	34 Exemplare	Stinkbaum; Malvengewächse (Malvaceae)
—	Platanites marginata	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	197 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
—	Platanites raynoldsii	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FU0, FUI	34 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
—	Platanophyllum sp.	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIII; Typlokalität	20 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
—	Platanus raynoldsii	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FU0, FUI	209 Exemplare	Platane (Platanaceae)
—	Populus nebrascaensis	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII, FU0, FUI	506 Exemplare	Zitrusbaum; Rautengewächs (Rutaceae)
—	Porosia verrucosa	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	3 Exemplare	Zitrusbaum; Rautengewächs (Rutaceae)
—	Quereuxia angulata	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII, FUI	543 Exemplare	Wassernuss (Lythraceae)
—	Ranunculaceae indet.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIb	26 Exemplare	Hahnenfußgewächs (Ranunculaceae)
—	Rhamnaceae indet.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIII	27 Exemplare	Kreuzdorn (Rhamnaceae)
—	Rhamnica cleburnii	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII	177 Exemplare	Kreuzdorn (Rhamnaceae)
—	Rhamnus salicifolius	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Mehrere Exemplare	Kreuzdorn (Rhamnaceae)
—	Rosaceae indet.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIb, HCIII	217 Exemplare	Rosengewächs (Rosaceae)
—	Sabalites sp.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII, FUI	87 Exemplare	Palme (Arecaceae)
—	Salix sp.	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Mehrere Exemplare	Weide (Salicaceae)
—	Sarcandra sp.	Montana	Typlokalität	1 Exemplar	Chloranthaceae
—	Spinifructus antiquus	Montana	Dawson County Beds	Mehrere Exemplare	Palme (Arecaceae); Fruchtfossil
—	Trochodendroides arctica	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Mehrere Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
—	Trochodendroides ellipticum	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIII, FUI	162 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
—	Trochodendroides genetrix	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII, FU0, FUI	88 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
—	Trochodendroides nebrascensis	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII	113 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
—	Urticaceae indet.	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIb, HCIIb	34 Exemplare	Brennessel (Urticaceae)
—	Viburnum sp.	Montana	Brownie Butte site	Mehrere Exemplare	Schneeball (Adoxaceae)
—	Vitis stantonii	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII; Typlokalität	234 Exemplare	Weinrebe (Vitaceae)
—	Zingiberopsis attenuata	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIa, HCIIb	11 Exemplare	Ingwer (Zingiberaceae)
—	Zingiberopsis magnifolia	Montana	Brownie Butte Site	Wenige Exemplare	Ingwer (Zingiberaceae)
—	Zizyphoides flabella	North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana	HCIa, HCIIb, FU0, FUI, Typlokalität	439 Exemplare	Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
—	Ziziphus fibrillosus	North Dakota, South Dakota	HCIII	55 Exemplare	Ziziphus-Strauch; Kreuzdorngewächse (Rhamnaceae)

Pollen:

Die umfassendste Abhandlung über die aus der Hell Creek Formation bekannten Pollenfossilien haben Norton & Hall (1969) abgefasst. Alle hier aufgeführten Angaben stammen aus dieser Quelle.⁵⁴⁹

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
—	Abietineaepollenites foveoreticulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Konifere
—	Abietineaepollenites microalatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Konifere
—	Abietineaepollenites varius	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Konifere
—	Acanthotriletes levidensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Alnipollenites verus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Appendicisporites tricornitatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites amplus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites attenuatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites collaris	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites conatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites delicatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites marmarthensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites polaris	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites pulvinus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites pyriformis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites quadricretaeus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites quadrilobus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites reductus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites reticulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites senonicus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites striatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Aquilapollenites turbidus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Azolla cretacea	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Schwimmfarn
—	Balmeisporites sp.	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Calamospora mesozoica	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Camarozonosporites heskemensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Cicatricosisporites carlylensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Cicatricosisporites dorogensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Cingulatisporites dakotaensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Cingulatisporites scabratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Clavatricolpites prolatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Concavisporites rugulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Converrucosisporites sp.	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Corylus granilabratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Haselnuss
—	Cupanieidites major	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Cyathidites foveolatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Zykadee
—	Cyathidites minor	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Zykadee
—	Cycadopites scabratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Zykadee
—	Deltoidospora diaphana	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Dicotetradites granulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Ephedripites ovatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Ephedripites undulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Erdtmanipollis cretaceus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Gleicheniidites excelsus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Gleicheniidites senonicus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Gnetaceaepollenites eocenipites	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Haloragacidites quadratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Hamulatisporis hamulatis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Hymenophyllumsporites parvus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Farn
—	Hymenophyllumsporites pseudomaximus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Farn
—	Ilexpollenites compactus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Inaperturopollenites rugulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Interpollis cf. supplingensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Kurtzipites trispissatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Laevigatosporites anomalus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Laevigatosporites discordatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Laevigatosporites gracilis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Laevigatosporites ovatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Liliacidites variegatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Liliacidites sp.	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Lycopodiumsporites austroclavatidites	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Momipites circularis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Momipites parvus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Monosulcites carpentieri	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Monosulcites crescentus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Monosulcites latus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Monosulcites tectatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Monosulcites sp.	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Myrtipites granulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Myrtipites scabratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Nyssapollenites analepticus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Nyssapollenites pseudocruciatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Osmundacidites wellmanii	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Pachysandra cretaceae	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Palmidites maximus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Peromonolites granulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Phyllocladidites mawsonii	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Phyllocladidites ruei	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Podocarpidites otagoensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Polyadopollenites psilatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Polycolpites granulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Polypodiidites inangahuensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Proteacidites retusus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Proteacidites thalmannii	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Psilatricolporites prolatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Pterocaryapollenites stellatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Reticuloidosporites dentatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Schizosporis complexus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Schizosporis parvus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Spheripollenites subgranulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Spinamonoporites typicus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Stereisporites antiquasporites	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Stereisporites psilatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Striainaperturites ovatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Styx major	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Styx minor	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Taxodiaceaepollenites hiatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Triatriopollenites granilabratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolpites bacustriatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpites delicatulus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpites foveolatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpites interangulus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpites parvistriatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpites psilascabratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpites reticulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpites striatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	Mammutblatt
—	Tricolpopollenites clavireticulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolpopollenites megaexactus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolpopollenites microreticulatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolpopollenites microscabratus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolpopollenites spp.	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolporopollenites elongatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolporopollenites foveotectatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolporopollenites granustriatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolporopollenites megaexactus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolporopollenites prolatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Tricolporopollenites striatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Triplanosporites sinuosus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Triporopollenites rugatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Ulmipollenites undulosus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Ulmipollenites verrucatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Ulmoideipites tricostatus	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Wodehouseia spinata	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—
—	Zlivisporis blanensis	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Pollenfossil	—

Weitere Lagerstätten an den Gestaden des Binnenmeeres:

Hell Creek Formation

Lance Formation

Ferris Formation

Denver Formation

Laramie Formation

Cimarron Ridge Formation

Weitere Lagerstätten aus Mein traumhaftes Dinosaurier-Buch:

Hell Creek Formation – South Dakota (USA) vor 66 Ma

Prince Creek Formation – Alaska (USA) vor 69 Ma

Djadochta Formation – Mongolei vor 74 Ma

Niobrara Chalk Formation – Kansas vor 85 Ma

Bahariya Formation – Ägypten vor 100 Ma

Yixian Formation – Liaoning (China) vor 125 Ma

Altmühltal Formation – Bayern (Deutschland) vor 155 Ma

Posidonienschiefer – Baden-Württemberg (Deutschland) vor 180 Ma

Trossingen Formation – Baden Württemberg (Deutschland) vor 210 Ma

Chinle Formation – Arizona (USA) vor 225 Ma

Alle anderen Lagerstätten, die in meinen Büchern eine Rolle spielen, erreichst du über meine Interaktive Karte:

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Quellenangaben:

1
Horner, J. R., Goodwin, M. B., & Myhrvold, N. (2011). Dinosaur census reveals abundant Tyrannosaurus and rare ontogenetic stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USA. PLoS One, 6(2), e16574. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016574
2
Boswell, E. (2007). Paradise in Hell Creek. Montana State University News. 2. April 2007, https://www.montana.edu/news/9301/paradise-in-hell-creek
3
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
4
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
5
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
6
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
7
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
8
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
9
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
10
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
11
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
12
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
13
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
14
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
15
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
16
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
17
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
18
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
19
Anomia gryphorhyncha, YPM IP 900432. Yale Peabody Museum, Invertebrate Paleontology Division. iDigBio.
20
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
21
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
22
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
23
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
24
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
25
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
26
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
27
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
28
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
29
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
30
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
31
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
32
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
33
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
34
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
35
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
36
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
37
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
38
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
39
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
40
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
41
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
42
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
43
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
44
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
45
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
46
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
47
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
48
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
49
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
50
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
51
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
52
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
53
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
54
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
55
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
56
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
57
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
58
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
59
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
60
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
61
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
62
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
63
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
64
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
65
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
66
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
67
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
68
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
69
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
70
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
71
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
72
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
73
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
74
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
75
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
76
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
77
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
78
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
79
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
80
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
81
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
82
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
83
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
84
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
85
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
86
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
87
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
88
Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
89
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
90
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
91
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
92
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
93
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Foraminifera:3Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.

Korallen:4Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.