Die Hell Creek Formation ist die wohl bekannteste Fossillagerstätte aus dem Maastrichtiums der USA und gehört auch zu den am intensivsten erforschten auf der ganzen Welt. Diese Lagerstätte bietet die wohl besten Einblicke ins Ökosystem des westlichen Nordamerikas während der letzten beiden Jahrmillionen des Mesozoikums. Nicht zuletzt deshalb habe ich sie als ersten Handlungsort für meine Romanreihe Die Weißen Steine ausgewählt. Hier wurden nicht nur viele der berühmtesten Dinosaurier gefunden, sondern auch eine Vielzahl weiterer interessanter Lebewesen aus der späten Kreidezeit.[1] Aufgrund des schieren Umfangs der im Fossilbericht der Hell Creek Formation belegten Arten sind sie hier in einem eigenen Artikel gelistet.
Die Anzahl der bereits aus Hell Creek beschriebenen Arten ist schon gewaltig. Wenn man sich aber vor Augen führt, dass nur ein Bruchteil der Lebewesen überhaupt die Chance bekommt, als Fossil überliefert zu werden, überrascht es nicht, dass immer wieder neue Arten von dort beschrieben werden. Uns ist das wahre Ausmaß der tatsächlichen Artenvielfalt also gar nicht bekannt!
Die weltweit größte Sammlung von Fossilien aus der Hell Creek Formation wird im Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman (Montana) aufbewahrt und ausgestellt. Die gezeigten Exemplare stammen aus dem Hell Creek Project, einer Initiative des Museums, der Montana State University, der University of Washington, der University of California in Berkeley, der University of North Dakota und der University of North Carolina, die bereits 1998 begann. 1966 wurde das Hell Creek Fossil Area vom National Park Service als National Natural Landmark ausgewiesen. [2]
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
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Aeschnidiidae indet. [S] | South Dakota | — | — | Libelle (Aeschnidiidae) |
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Anomia gryphorhyncha | North Dakota, South Dakota | — | 7 Exemplare | Salzwassermuschel (Anomiidae) |
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Brachycera indet. [S] | South Dakota | Obere Hell Creek Formation | — | Fliege (Brachycera) |
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Campeloma sp. | — | — | — | Süßwasserschnecke (Viviparidae) |
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Cephaloleichnites strongi [S] | — | — | — | Fraßspur eines Käfers auf Ingwer-Blatt |
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Corbicula cf. subelliptica | — | — | — | Brackwassermuschel (Cyraenidae) |
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Corbicula sp. | South Dakota | — | — | Brackwassermuschel (Cyraenidae) |
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Crassostrea subtrigonalis | South Dakota | — | — | Auster (Ostreidae) |
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Discoscaphites rossi | South Dakota | — | 10 Exemplare | Ammonit (Scaphitidae) |
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Granocardium sp. | South Dakota | — | — | Herzmuschel (Cardiidae) |
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Hemiphlebiidae indet. [S] | South Dakota | — | — | Damselfliege (Hemiphlebiidae) |
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Hiatella sp. (?) | South Dakota | — | — | Salzwassermuschel (Hiatellidae) |
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Nematocera indet. [S] | South Dakota | Obere Hell Creek Formation | — | Mücke (Nematocera) |
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Leptosolen sp. | South Dakota | — | — | Salzwassermuschel (Cultellidae) |
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Obovaria pyramidella (?) | — | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) (?) |
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Pleiodon sp. | — | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Iridinidae) |
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Plesielliptio gibbosoides | — | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Plesielliptio postbiplicatus | North Dakota | — | 1 Exemplar | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Plesielliptio whitfieldi | — | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Plethobasus aesopiformis | — | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Plethobasus biesopoides | — | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Pleurobema cryptorhynchus | — | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Proparreysia barnumi | Montana | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Proparreysia corbiculoides | Montana | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Proparreysia holmesiana | Montana | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Proparreysia letsoni | Montana | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Proparreysia paucinodosa | Montana | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Proparreysia percorrugata | Montana | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Proparreysia pyramidatoides | Montana | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Proparreysia retusoides | Montana | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Proparreysia verrucosiformis | Montana | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Quadrula cylindricoides | — | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Rhabdotophorus aldrichi | — | — | — | Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae) |
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Sphaerium beckmani | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 7 Exemplare | Salzwassermuschel (Sphaeriidae) |
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Scaphitidae indet. | South Dakota | — | — | Ammonit (Scaphitidae) |
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Sphenodiscus lenticularis | South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 26 Exemplare | Ammonit (Sphenodiscidae) |
Die hier beschriebenen Insekten sind vor allem aus Bernstein-Einschlüssen bekannt.[S] Viele von ihnen, die in der Hell Creek Formation und der darüberliegenden Fort Union Formation noch vorkamen, sind wahrscheinlich während des K–T-Ereignisses ausgestorben. [S] [S] [S]
Knorpelfische:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
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Protoginglymostoma estesi [S] | Montana | — | — | Ammenhai (Ginglymostomatidae) |
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Restesia americana [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota | Mittlere Hell Creek Formation | 26 Exemplare | Teppichhai (Orectolobiformes) |
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Scapanorhynchus sp.[24] | North Dakota | — | — | Koboldhai (Mitsukurinidae) |
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Carcharias sp. [S] | North Dakota | — | — | Sandtigerhai (Carchariidae) |
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Carcharhinidae indet. [S] | South Dakota | — | — | Requiemhai (Carcharhinidae) |
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Chiloscyllium sp. [S] | Montana | — | — | Bambushai (Hemiscylliidae) |
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Galagadon nordquistae [S] | South Dakota (Matrix von T. rex „Sue“) | — | 1 Exemplar | Teppichhai (Orectolobiformes) |
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Lonchidion selachos [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 59 Exemplare | Hybodonter Hai (Lonchidiidae) |
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Myledaphus pustulosus [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | über 1600 Exemplare | Gitarrenrochen (Rhinobatidae) |
Knochenfische:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
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Acipenser amnisinferos [S] | North Dakota (Tanis) | Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom | — | Stör (Acipenseridae) |
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Acipenser cf. amnisinferos [S] | North Dakota (Tanis) | Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom | — | Stör (Acipenseridae) |
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Acipenser eruciferus [S] | Montana | — | 11 Exemplare | Stör (Acipenseridae) |
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Acipenser praeparatorum [S] | North Dakota (Tanis) | Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom | — | Stör (Acipenseridae) |
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Acipenser sp. [S] | North Dakota, South Dakota | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 18 Exemplare | Stör (Acipenseridae) |
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Anchiacipencer acanthaspis [S] | Montana | — | — | Stör (Acipenseridae) |
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Belonostomus longirostris [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 70 Exemplare | Knochenfisch (Aspidorhynchiformes) |
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Pachyrhizodontoidei indet. | — | — | — | Knochenfisch (Pachyrhizodontoidei) |
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Palaeolabrus montanensis [S] | Montana | — | 4 Exemplare | Knochenfisch (Palaeolabridae) |
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Paleopsephurus wilsoni [S] | Montana | — | 4 Exemplare | Löffelstör (Polyodontidae) |
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Paralbula casei [S] | Montana | — | 82 Exemplare | Knochenfisch (Phyllodontidae) |
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Parapsephurus willybemisi [S] | North Dakota (Tanis) | Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom | — | Löffelstör (Polyodontidae) |
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Phyllodus paulkatoi | Montana | — | 3 Exemplare | Knochenfisch (Phyllodontidae) |
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Platacodon nanus [S] | Montana | — | 21 Exemplare | Umberfisch (Sciaenidae) |
— |
Polyodontidae indet. [S] | Montana | — | — | Löffelstör (Polyodontidae) |
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Protamia sp. [S] | Montana | — | — | Kahlhecht (Amiidae) |
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Protoscaphirhynchus squamosus [S] | Montana | — | — | Stör (Acipenseridae) |
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Pugiopsephurus squamosus [S] | North Dakota (Tanis) | Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom | — | Löffelstör (Polyodontidae) |
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Coriops amnicolus [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 54 Exemplare | Knochenfisch (Osteoglossomorpha) |
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Cyclurus fragosus [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota | — | über 2600 Exemplare | Kahlhecht (Amiidae) |
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„Lepisosteus occidentalis“ [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | über 980 Exemplare | Knochenhecht (Lepisosteidae) |
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Melvius thomasi [S] | North Dakota, South Dakota | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 41 Exemplare | Kahlhecht (Amiidae) |
Amphibien:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
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Anura indet. [S] | North Dakota, South Dakota | Mittlere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 3 Exemplare | Frosch |
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Barbourula sp. [S] | Montana | — | — | Unke (Bombinatoridae) |
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Caudata indet. [S] [S] | North Dakota, South Dakota | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 149 Exemplare | Salamander? |
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Eopelobates sp. [S] | Montana | — | — | Kröte (Pelobatidae) |
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Habrosaurus dilatus [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota | Mittlere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 52 Exemplare | Armmolch (Sirenidae) |
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Lisserpeton bairdi [S] | Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming | — | 25 Exemplare | Schwanzlurch (Scapherpetontidae) |
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Opisthotriton kayi [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 111 Exemplare | Salamander (Batrachosauroididae) |
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Paranecturus garbanii [S] | Montana | — | 8 Exemplare | Grottenolm (Proteidae) |
— |
Proamphiuma cretacea [S] | Montana, North Dakota | — | 4 Exemplare | Schwanzlurch (Caudata) |
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Prodesmodon copei [23] | Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming | — | 32 Exemplare | Salamander (Batrachosauroididae) |
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Scapherpeton tectum [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 132 Exemplare | Schwanzlurch (Scapherpetontidae) |
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Scotiophryne pustulosa [S] | Montana, Wyoming | — | 16 Exemplare | Frosch (Anura) |
Schuppenechsen:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
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Boidae indet. | — | — | — | — |
— |
Cemeterius monstrosus [S] | Montana, Wyoming | — | 2 Exemplare | Schuppenechse (Platynota) |
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Cerberophis robustus [S] | Montana | — | 1 Exemplar | Schlange (Alethinophidia) |
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Chamops segnis | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 28 Exemplare | Schienenechse (Teiidae) |
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Contogenys sloani | Montana, South Dakota | — | 5 Exemplare | Skink (Scincidae) |
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Exostinus lancensis | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 16 Exemplare | Höckereche (Xenosauridae) |
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Haptosphenus placodon | Montana, Wyoming | — | 10 Exemplare | Schienenechse (Teiidae) |
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Leptochamops denticulatus | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 22 Exemplare | Schienenechse (Teiidae) |
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Mosasauridae indet. | North Dakota | — | 1 Exemplar | Mosasaurier |
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Obamadon gracilis [S] | Montana, Wyomimg | — | 2 Exemplare | Schuppenechse (Polyglyphanodontia) |
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Palaeosaniwa canadensis | Montana, North Dakota, Wyomimg | — | 22 Exemplare | Krustenechse (Monstersauria) |
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Paraderma bogerti | Montana, Wyomimg | — | 13 Exemplare | Krustenechse (Monstersauria) |
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Parasaniwa wyomingensis | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 21 Exemplare | Waran (Palaeovaranidae) |
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Peneteius aquilonius [S] | Montana | — | 5 Exemplare | Schuppenechse (Polyglyphanodontia) |
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Proxestops jepseni | Montana, Wyoming | — | 11 Exemplare | Blindschleiche (Anguidae) |
Aus den marinen Faszies der Hell Creek Formation sind die bislang noch unbestimmten Fossilien eines großen Mosasauriers bekannt, der eine geschätzte Länge von 11m gehabt haben könnte. [35] [36]
Pantestudines:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
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Adocus sp. [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | — | Halsberger-Schilddkröte (Adocidae) |
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Aspideretoides foveatus | Wyoming | — | 5 Exemplare | Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae) |
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Axestemys infernalis [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 10 Exemplare | — |
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Basilemys sinuosa | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 15 Exemplare | Tabasco-Flussschildkröte (Dermatemydidae) |
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Cedrobaena putorius | North Dakota, South Dakota | — | 5 Exemplare | Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenoidea) |
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Chelydridae indet. | — | — | — | Alligatorschildkröte (Chelydridae) |
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Compsemys victa [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 116 Exemplare | Schnappschildkröte (Compsemydidae) |
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Emarginachelys cretacea [S] | Montana, North Dakota | — | 5 Exemplare | Alligatorschildkröte (Chelydridae) |
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Eubaena cephalica [S] | Montana, North Dakota, Wyomimg | — | 7 Exemplare | Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae) |
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Gamerabaena sonsalla | North Dakota | — | 1 Exemplar | Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae) |
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Gilmoremys lancensis | Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming | — | 6 Exemplare | Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae) |
— |
Helopanoplia distincta | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 40 Exemplare | Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae) |
— |
Hoplochelys clark [S] | North Dakota | — | 1 Exemplar | Tabasco-Flussschildkröte (Dermatemydidae) |
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Hutchemys walkerorum [S] | North Dakota | — | 1 Exemplar | Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae) |
— |
Judithemys backmani | Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming | — | 13 Exemplare | Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae) |
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Neurankylus eximius | Montana | — | 9 Exemplare | Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae) |
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Palatobaena cohen | Montana, North Dakota | — | 3 Exemplare | Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae) |
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Peckemys brinkman | Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming | — | 5 Exemplare | Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae) |
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Plesiosauria indet. | — | — | — | Plesiosaurier |
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Plesiobaena antiqua | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota | — | 25 Exemplare | Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae) |
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Plastomenus sp. | Montana, Wyoming | — | — | Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae) |
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Saxochelys gilberti | North Dakota, South Dakota | — | 3 Exemplare | Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae) |
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Stygiochelys estesi | Montana | — | 5 Exemplare | Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae) |
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Thescelus insiliens | Montana, Wyoming | — | 5 Exemplare | Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae) |
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Trionyx sp. [S] | Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming | — | — | Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae) |
Choristodera:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
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Champsosaurus ambulator [S] [S] | Montana | — | 1 Exemplar | Champsosaurier (Champsosauridae) |
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Champsosaurus laramiensis [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota | — | 5 Exemplare | Champsosaurier (Champsosauridae) |
Krokodile:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
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Borealosuchus sternbergii [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 85 Exemplare | Scheinkrokodil (Eusuchia) |
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Brachychampsa montana [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 82 Exemplare | Alligator (Alligatoridae) |
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Thoracosaurus neocesariensis[S] | North Dakota | — | 30 Exemplare | Scheinkrokodil (Eusuchia) |
Es sind außerdem die fragmentarischen Überreste eines weiteren Krokodils bekannt, die vielleicht zu einem besonders großen Exemplar von Thoracosaurus gehören könnten.
Pterosaurier:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
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Azhdarchidae indet.[S] | North Dakota | — | — | Azhdarchidae |
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Infernodrakon hastacollis [S] [S] | Montana | — | 1 Exemplar | Azhdarchidae |
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Pterosauria indet. [39] | — | — | — | (Pteranodontidae?) |
Ornithischier:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
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Ankylosaurus magniventris [S] | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 15 Exemplare | Ankylosauridae |
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Denversaurus schlessmani [S] [S] [S] | Montana, South Dakota | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 4 Exemplare | Nodosauridae |
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Edmontosaurus annectens [S] [S] [S] [S] [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 29 Exemplare | Hadrosaurier (Saurolophini) |
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Leptoceratops gracilis [S] [S] | Montana, Wyoming | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 5 Exemplare | Ceratopsier (Leptoceratopsidae) |
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Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | Obere Hell Creek Formation | 26 Exemplare | Pachycephalosauridae |
— | Platytholus clemensi [S] | Montana | Untere Hell Creek Formation | 1 Exemplar | Pachycephalosauridae |
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Sphaerotholus buchholtzae [S] [S] [S] | Montana | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 2 Exemplare | Pachycephalosauridae |
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Sphaerotholus triregnum [S] | Montana | Mittlere Hell Creek Formation | 1 Exemplar | Pachycephalosauridae |
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Thescelosaurus garbanii [S] [S] | Montana | Untere Hell Creek Formation | 1 Exemplar | Thescelosauridae |
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Thescelosaurus neglectus [S] [S] [S] [54] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 28 Exemplare | Thescelosauridae |
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Triceratops horridus [S] [S] [S] [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | Untere bis mittlere Hell Creek Formation | 41 Exemplare | Ceratopsier (Chasmosaurinae) |
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Triceratops prorsus [S] [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming | Obere Hell Creek Formation | 17 Exemplare | Ceratopsier (Chasmosaurinae) |
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Dracorex hogwartsia [S] [S] [S] [S] [S] | South Dakota | Mittlere Hell Creek Formation | umstritten | Sehr wahrscheinlich Synonym zu Pachycephalosaurus |
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Nedoceratops hatcheri [S] | Wyoming | — | umstritten | Sehr wahrscheinlich Synonym zu Triceratops |
— |
Stygimoloch spinifer [S] [S] [S] [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | umstritten | Möglicherweise Synonym oder Chronospezies zu Pachycephalosaurus |
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Tatankaceratops sacrisonorum [S] [S] | South Dakota | — | umstritten | Höchstwahrscheinlich Synonym zu Triceratops |
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Torosaurus latus [9] [S] [S] [S] [S] [S] | North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | Obere Hell Creek Formation | 7 Exemplare | Möglicherweise Synonym zu Triceratops (Männchen?) |
Saurischia:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
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Acheroraptor temertyorum[S][S] | Montana, South Dakota | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 2 Exemplare, viele Zähne | Dromaeosauridae (Velociraptorini) |
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Anzu wyliei [S] [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 12 Exemplare | Caenagnathidae |
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Caenagnathidae indet.[S] | Montana | — | — | Sehr großer Oviraptorosaurier, deutlich größer als Anzu wyliei |
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Dakotaraptor steini [S] [S] [S] | South Dakota | Obere Hell Creek Formation | 4 Exemplare, umstritten | Sehr großer Dromaeosaurier, wahrscheinlich eine Chimäre |
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Eoneophron infernalis [S] | South Dakota | Obere Hell Creek Formation | 1 Exemplar | Caenagnathidae |
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Nanotyrannus lancensis [S] [S] [S] [S] | Montana, Wyoming | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | umstritten | Höchstwahrscheinlich juveniler Tyrannosaurus; ggf. Dryptosaurier |
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Ornithomimidae indet. | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 15 Exemplare aus Hell Creek | Ornithomimidae |
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Ornithomimus velox [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 5 Exemplare | Ornithomimidae |
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„Orcomimus“[S] | South Dakota | — | 1 Exemplar? | Nomen nudum; noch nicht beschriebener Ornithomimosaurier |
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Pectinodon bakkeri [S] [S] | South Dakota, Montana | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 5 Exemplare, viele Zähne | Troodontidae |
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Paronychodon caperatus [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota | — | Viele Zahnfunde | Troodontidae, wahrscheinlich Synonym zu Pectinodon |
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Richardoestesia sp. [S] [S] | Montana | — | Viele Zahnfunde | „Mülleimer-Gattung“; wahrschleinlich Synonym zu Pectinodon |
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Struthiomimus sedens [S] [S] | Montana | Obere Hell Creek Formation | 2 Exemplare | Ornithomimidae |
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Trierarchuncus prairiensis [S] [S] [S] | Montana | Obere Hell Creek Formation | 6 Exemplare | Alvarezsauridae |
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Tyrannosaurus rex [S] [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation | 73 Exemplare | Tyrannosauridae |
Vögel:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
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Avisaurus archibaldi [S] [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota | Mittlere Hell Creek Formation | 2 Exemplare | Enantiornithes (Avisauridae) |
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Avisaurus cf. archibaldi [S] | Montana | Oberste Hell Creek Formation | 1 Exemplar | Enantiornithes (Avisauridae) |
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Avisaurus darwini [S] | Montana | — | 1 Exemplar | Enantiornithes (Avisauridae) |
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Avisaurus sp. [S] | Montana | — | — | Enantiornithes (Avisauridae) |
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Brodavis baileyi [S] | South Dakota | — | 1 Exemplar | Hesperornithes (Brodavidae) |
— |
„Enantiornithine B“ [S] | Montana | — | 1 Exemplar | noch unbeschrieben, Enantiornithes |
— |
„Hesperornithiform A“ [S] [S] | Montana | — | 1 Exemplar | noch unbeschrieben, Hesperornithes, vielleicht Synonym zu Potamornis |
— |
Magnusavis ekalakaenis [S] | Montana | — | 1 Exemplar | Enantiornithes, eng verwandt mit Avisauridae |
— |
„Ornithurine B“ [S] [S] | Montana | — | 1 Exemplar | noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae, ähnelt Cimolopteryx |
— |
„Ornithurine C“ [S] | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 4 Exemplare | noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae, ähnelt Graculavis |
— |
„Ornithurine D“ [S] | Montana | — | 1 Exemplar | noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae, wahrscheinlich Ichthyornithidae |
— |
Potamornis skutchi [S] | Montana | — | 1 Exemplar | Hesperornithes |
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„Styginetta lofgreni“ [S] | Montana | — | Mehrere Exemplare | noch unbeschrieben (Nomen nudum), Gänsevögel (Presbyornithidae) |
Multituberculata:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
— |
Cimexomys minor [S] | Montana, Wyoming | — | 30 Exemplare | Multituberculata, unsichere Verwandtschaft |
— |
Cimolodon cf. nitidus [S] | South Dakota | — | — | Cimolodontidae |
— |
Cimolodon nitidus [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 77 Exemplare | Cimolodontidae |
— |
Cimolodon sp. [S] | North Dakota | — | — | Cimolodontidae |
— |
Cimolomys cf. gracilis [S] | South Dakota | — | — | Cimolomyidae |
— |
Cimolomys gracilis [S] | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 32 Exemplare | Cimolomyidae |
— |
Essonodon browni [S] | Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming | — | 16 Exemplare | Cimolomyidae |
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Meniscoessus cf. robustus [S] | South Dakota | — | — | Cimolomyidae |
— |
Meniscoessus conquistus [S] | South Dakota | — | Mehrere Exemplare | Cimolomyidae |
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Meniscoessus robustus [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 111 Exemplare | Cimolomyidae |
— |
Meniscoessus sp. [S] | North Dakota | — | — | Cimolomyidae |
— |
Mesodma cf. formosa [S] | Montana | — | — | Neoplagiaulacidae |
— |
Mesodma cf. hensleighi [S] | South Dakota | — | — | Neoplagiaulacidae |
— |
Mesodma formosa [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 47 Exemplare | Neoplagiaulacidae |
— |
Mesodma hensleighi [S] | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 25 Exemplare | Neoplagiaulacidae |
— |
Mesodma thompsoni [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 58 Exemplare | Neoplagiaulacidae |
— |
Neoplagiaulax burgessi [S] | Montana | — | 1 Exemplar | Neoplagiaulacidae |
— |
Paracimexomys priscus [S] | Montana, Wyoming | — | 11 Exemplare | Multituberculata, unsichere Verwandtschaft |
— |
Paressonodon nelsoni [S] | Wyoming | — | 3 Exemplare | Cimolomyidae |
— |
Stygimys kuszmauli [S] | Montana, Wyoming | — | 40 Exemplare | Eucosmodontidae |
— |
Valenopsalis joyneri [S] | Montana | Obere Hell Creek Formation | 9 Exemplare | Taeniolabidoidea |
Beuteltiere:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Alphadon cf. marshi [S] | Montana, South Dakota | — | — | Alphadontidae |
— |
Alphadon cf. wilsoni[S] | Montana | — | — | Alphadontidae |
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Alphadon marshi [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 30 Exemplare | Alphadontidae |
— |
Alphadon wilsoni [S] | Montana | — | 3 Exemplare | Alphadontidae |
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Didelphodon cf. vorax [S] | South Dakota | — | — | Stagodontidae |
— |
Didelphodon padanicus [S] | South Dakota | — | 20 Exemplare | Stagodontidae |
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Didelphodon vorax [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 72 Exemplare | Stagodontidae |
— |
Didelphodon sp. [S] | North Dakota, South Dakota | — | Mehrere Exemplare | Stagodontidae |
— |
Glasbius cf. twitchelli [S] | Montana | — | — | Glasbiidae |
— |
Glasbius twitchelli [S] | Montana, North Dakota | — | 20 Exemplare | Glasbiidae |
— |
Leptalestes cooki [S] | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 22 Exemplare | Pediomyidae |
— |
Leptalestes krejcii [S] [S] | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 23 Exemplare | Pediomyidae |
— |
Nanocuris improvida [S] | Wyoming | — | 2 Exemplare | Deltatheridiidae |
— |
Nortedelphys jasoni [S] [S] | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 13 Exemplare | Herpetotheriidae |
— |
Pediomys elegans [S] | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 35 Exemplare | Pediomyidae |
— |
Protalphadon foxi [S] | Montana | — | 1 Exemplar | Alphadontidae |
— |
Protalphadon lulli [S] | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 11 Exemplare | Alphadontidae |
— |
Protolambda florencae [S] [S] | Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 31 Exemplare | Pediomyidae |
— |
Protolambda hatcheri [S] [S] | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 38 Exemplare | Pediomyidae |
— |
Protolambda mcgilli [S] [S] | Montana | — | 1 Exemplar | Pediomyidae |
— |
Turgidodon rhaister [S] | Montana, Wyoming | — | 18 Exemplare | Alphadontidae |
Plazentatiere:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
— |
Alostera saskatchewanensis [S] | Montana, Wyoming | — | 7 Exemplare | Eutheria, unklare Verwandtschaft |
— |
Altacreodus magnus [S] | Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming | — | 10 Exemplare | Vielleicht ein Creodont |
— |
Ambilestes cerberoides | Montana | — | 9 Exemplare | Eutheria, unklare Verwandtschaft |
— |
Batodon tenuis [S] | Montana, Wyoming | — | 13 Exemplare | Cimolestidae |
— |
Cimolestes incisus [S] | Montana, Wyoming | — | 19 Exemplare | Cimolestidae |
— |
Cimolestes stirtoni [S] | Montana, Wyoming | — | 7 Exemplare | Cimolestidae |
— |
Gypsonictops cf. illuminatus [S] | Montana | — | — | Leptictida (Gypsonictopsidae) |
— |
Gypsonictops hypoconus [S] | Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming | — | 35 Exemplare | Leptictida (Gypsonictopsidae) |
— |
Gypsonictops illuminatus [S] | Montana, North Dakota | — | 27 Exemplare | Leptictida (Gypsonictopsidae) |
— |
Gypsonictops sp. [S] | Montana | — | — | Leptictida (Gypsonictopsidae) |
— |
Paranyctoides sp. [S] | Montana | — | — | Spitzmausartige (Nyctitheriidae) |
— |
Protungulatum coombsi [S] | Montana | — | 1 Exemplar | Huftiere (Protungulatidae) |
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Purgatorius ceratops [S] [S] | Montana | — | 11 Exemplare | Panprimates (Purgatoriidae) |
— |
Scollardius propalaeoryctes [S] | Montana | — | 3 Exemplare | Cimolestidae |
Spurenfossilien:
Dinosaurier-Fußabdrücke aus der Hell Creek Formation sind äußerst selten. Bis 2017 gibt es nur einen Fund eines möglichen Fußabdrucks von Tyrannosaurus rex aus dem Jahr 2007, der ein Jahr später beschrieben wurde. [S]
Pflanzen:
Im feuchten Boden der dichten Wälder gab es eine große Vielfalt an Blütenpflanzen und Nadelbäumen. Im Unterwuchs wuchsen zahlreiche krautige Blütenpflanzen, Farne und Moose. Auf den freiliegenden Prallhängen großer Flusssysteme wuchsen Sträucher und Kletterpflanzen. Hinweise auf diese bewaldete Umgebung liefern fossiles Holz, wurzelhaltige Gley-Paläoböden und allgegenwärtige Blattfossilien. Die damalige Flora unterscheidet sich deutlich von heutigen Pflanzengemeinschaften. Es gibt zahlreiche Blätter, Samen, Blüten und andere Strukturen von Blütenpflanzen. Diese machten mit etwa 90 % den größten und vielfältigsten Anteil der Flora aus, gefolgt von etwa 5 % Nadelbäumen, 4 % Farnen und weiteren Gruppen. Der Nachweis wärmeliebender Pflanzen wie Palmen und Ingwer zeigt, dass das Klima damals wärmer und feuchter war. Es gibt jedoch keine Hinweise auf Farn-Prärien in der Hell Creek Formation.
Die Flora hat sich im Laufe des langen Ablagerungszeitraums mehrere Male deutlich verändert. Aus diesem Grund teilt man die Hell Creek Formation in fünf Flora-Zonen ein. Das Muster deutet darauf hin, dass sich die globale Temperatur in den letzten 300.000 bis 500.000 Jahren der Kreidezeit erwärmte. Im Vergleich zu den reichen Pflanzenfundstellen der Hell Creek Formation in den Dakotas wurden aus Montana relativ wenige Pflanzenproben geborgen. Einige Taxa wurden bei Brownie Butte in Montana von Shoemaker gesammelt, die meisten jedoch in North Dakota (Slope County) und South Dakota. Unter den Fundorten gelten die Mud Buttes in Bowman County, North Dakota, als die wahrscheinlich artenreichste Megaflora-Lagerstätte und der vielfältigste Blätterfundplatz der Hell Creek Formation.[S] [S] [S] [S] [S] [S] [S]
Moose, Bärlappe und Farne:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
— |
Botrychium sp. | — | — | — | Natternzungenfarn (Ophioglossaceae) |
— |
Equisetum sp. | — | — | — | Schachtelhalm (Equisetopsida) |
— |
Hydropteris pinnata | — | — | — | Schwimmfarn (Salviniales) |
— |
Marchantia pealii | — | — | — | Lebermoos (Marchantiophyta) |
— |
Polypodiaceae indet. | — | — | — | Tüpfelfarn (Polypodiaceae) |
— |
Salvinia sp. | — | — | — | Schwimmfarn (Salviniales) |
Nacktsamer:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
— |
Androvettia catenulata | — | — | Blattfossil | Konifere (Cheirolepidiaceae) |
— |
Araucaria araucana | — | — | Blattfossil | Araukarie (Araucaria) |
— |
Araucaria sp. | — | — | Samenfossil | Araukarie (Araucaria) |
— |
Cheirolepidiaceae indet. | — | — | Blattfossil | Konifere Cheirolepidiaceae |
— |
Cupressinocladus interruptus | — | — | Blattfossil | Zypresse (Cupressaceae) |
— |
Dammarites sp. | — | — | Samenfossil | Araukarie (Araucaria) |
— |
Ditaxocladus catenulata | — | — | Blattfossil | Zypresse (Cupressaceae) |
— |
Elatocladus sp. | — | — | Samenfossil | Steineibe (Podocarpaceae) |
— |
Elatides longifolia | — | — | Blattfossil | Nadelbaum (Pinophyta) |
— |
Ginkgo adiantoides | — | — | Blattfossil | Ginkgo (Ginkgoopsida) |
— |
Glyptostrobus europaeus | — | — | Blattfossil | Zypresse (Cupressaceae) |
— |
Glyptostrobus nordenskioldii | — | — | Blattfossil | Zypresse (Cupressaceae) |
— |
Metasequoia occidentalis | — | — | Blattfossil | Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae) |
— |
Nilssoniocladus comtula | — | — | Blattfossil | Palmfarn (Cycadopsida) |
— |
Nilssoniocladus yukonensis | — | — | Blattfossil | Palmfarn (Cycadopsida) |
— |
Platyspiroxylon sp. | — | — | Holzfossil | Zypresse (Cupressaceae) |
— |
Podocarpoxylon sp. | — | — | Holzfossil | Steineibe (Podocarpaceae) |
— |
Sequoiaxylon sp. | — | — | Holzfossil | Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae) |
— |
Sequoites artus | — | — | Blattfossil | Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae) |
— |
Taxodioxylon sp. | — | — | Holzfossil | Sumpfzypresse (Taxodioideae) |
— |
Taxodium olrikii | — | — | Blattfossil | Sumpfzypresse (Taxodioideae) |
Blütenpflanzen:
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
— |
Annona robusta | Annone (Annonaceae) | |||
— |
Araliaephyllum polevoi | Lorbeer (Lauraceae) | |||
— |
Artocarpus lessigiana | Brotfruchtbaum; Maulbeergewächs (Moraceae) | |||
— |
Averrhoites affinis | Sauerklee (Oxalidaceae) | |||
— |
Bisonia niemii | Lorbeer (Lauraceae) | |||
— |
Browniea serrata | Tupelo (Nyssaceae) | |||
— |
Carpites ulmiformis | Moresnetiales | |||
— |
Celastrus taurenensis | Baumwürger; Spindelbaumgewächs (Celastraceae) | |||
— |
Cinnamomum lineafolia | Zimtbaum; Lorbeer (Lauraceae) | |||
— |
Cissus marginata | Weinrebe (Vitaceae) | |||
— |
Cissites acerifolia | Weinrebe (Vitaceae) | |||
— |
Cissites insignis | Weinrebe (Vitaceae) | |||
— |
Cissites lobata | Weinrebe (Vitaceae) | |||
— |
Cissites puilasokensis | Weinrebe (Vitaceae) | |||
— |
Cobbania corrugata | Wassersalat, Aronstabgewächs (Araceae) | |||
— |
Cobbania hickeyi | Wassersalat, Aronstabgewächs (Araceae) | |||
— |
Cornophyllum newberryi | Kornelkirsche, Hartriegelgewächs (Cornaceae) | |||
— |
Cypercites sp. | Sauergras (Cyperaceae) | |||
— |
Dryophyllum subfalcatum | Silberbaum (Sabiaceae) | |||
— |
Dryophyllum tenneseensis | Silberbaum (Sabiaceae) | |||
— |
Erlingdorfia montana | Platane (Platanaceae) | |||
— |
Ficus planicostata | Feigenbaum; Maulbeergewächs (Moraceae) | |||
— |
Grewiopsis saportana | Malve (Malvaceae) | |||
— |
Harmsia hydrocotyloidea | Malve (Malvaceae) | |||
— |
Humulus sp. | Hopfen; Hanfgewächs (Cannabaceae) | |||
— |
Limnobiophyllum scutatum | Wasserlinse; Aronstabgewächs (Araceae) | |||
— |
Liriodendrites bradacci | Tulpenbaum (Magnoliaceae) | |||
— |
Liriodendron laramiense | Tulpenbaum (Magnoliaceae) | |||
— |
Liriodendron sp. | Tulpenbaum (Magnoliaceae) | |||
— |
Magnolia pulchra | Magnolie (Magnoliaceae) | |||
— |
Mamarthia johnsonii | Lorbeer (Lauraceae) | |||
— |
Mamarthia pearsonii | Lorbeer (Lauraceae) | |||
— |
Mamarthia trivialis | Lorbeer (Lauraceae) | |||
— |
Myrica torreyi | Myrica (Myricaceae) | |||
— |
Nelumbo sp. | Lotus (Nelumbonaceae) | |||
— |
Nelumbium montanum | Lotus (Nelumbonaceae) | |||
— |
Nordenskioldia borealis | Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae) | |||
— |
Palaeoaster inquirenda | Mohn (Papaveraceae) | |||
— |
Palaeoaster porosia | Mohn (Papaveraceae) | |||
— |
Paranymphaea hastata | Seerose (Nymphaeaceae) | |||
— |
Penosphyllum cordatum | Stinkbaum; Malvengewächse (Malvaceae) | |||
— |
Platanites marginata | Platane (Platanaceae) | |||
— |
Platanites raynoldsii | Platane (Platanaceae) | |||
— |
Porosia verrucosa | Zitrusbaum; Rautengewächs (Rutaceae) | |||
— |
Rhamnica cleburnii | Kreuzdorn (Rhamnaceae) | |||
— |
Sabalites sp. | Palme (Arecaceae) | |||
— |
Spinifructus antiquus | Palme (Arecaceae) | |||
— |
Trapago angulata | Wassernuss; Weiderichgewächs (Lythraceae) | |||
— |
Trochodendroides arctica | Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae) | |||
— |
Trochodendroides ellipticum | Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae) | |||
— |
Trochodendroides genetrix | Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae) | |||
— |
Trochodendroides nebrascensis | Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae) | |||
— |
Vitus stantonii | Weinrebe (Vitaceae) | |||
— |
Zingiberopsis attenuata | Ingwer (Zingiberaceae) | |||
— |
Zizyphoides flabella | Ziziphus-Strauch; Kreuzdorngewächse (Rhamnaceae) | |||
— |
Zizyphoides flabella | Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae) | |||
— |
Ziziphus fibrillosus | Ziziphus-Strauch; Kreuzdorngewächse (Rhamnaceae) | |||
— |
Cannabaceae indet. | Hanfgewächs (Cannabaceae) |
Anmerkung:
Viele der heutigen Gattungsnamen, die für Pflanzenfossilien der Hell Creek Formation verwendet werden, müssen nicht zwingend tatsächlich diesen modernen Gattungen angehören. Sie könnten auch völlig andere Pflanzen darstellen, die lediglich ähnlich aussehen wie heutige. Daher ist unklar, ob zum Beispiel echte Feigen- oder Walnussbäume wirklich bereits in der späten Kreidezeit existierten. Für meine Geschichte bin ich aber von einer realen Existenz ausgegangen, aus dem pragmatischen Grund, dass meine Figuren dort ja schließlich auch etwas zu essen finden müssen.
Pollen: [S]
Bild: | Spezies: | Fundort: | Stratigraphische Position: | Bekanntes Material: | Bemerkungen: |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
— |
Abietineaepollenites foveoreticulatus | Konifere | |||
— |
Abietineaepollenites microalatus | Konifere | |||
— |
Abietineaepollenites varius | Konifere | |||
— |
Acanthotriletes levidensis | ||||
— |
Alnipollenites verus | ||||
— |
Appendicisporites tricornitatus | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites amplus | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites attenuatus | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites collaris | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites conatus | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites delicatus | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites marmarthensis | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites polaris | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites pulvinus | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites pyriformis | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites quadricretaeus | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites quadrilobus | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites reductus | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites reticulatus | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites senonicus | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites striatus | ||||
— |
Aquilapollenites turbidus | ||||
— |
Azolla cretacea | Schwimmfarn | |||
— |
Balmeisporites sp. | ||||
— |
Calamospora mesozoica | ||||
— |
Camarozonosporites heskemensis | ||||
— |
Cicatricosisporites carlylensis | ||||
— |
Cicatricosisporites dorogensis | ||||
— |
Cingulatisporites dakotaensis | ||||
— |
Cingulatisporites scabratus | ||||
— |
Clavatricolpites prolatus | ||||
— |
Concavisporites rugulatus | ||||
— |
Converrucosisporites sp. | ||||
— |
Corylus granilabratus | Haselnuss | |||
— |
Cupanieidites major | ||||
— |
Cyathidites foveolatus | Zykadee | |||
— |
Cyathidites minor | Zykadee | |||
— |
Cycadopites scabratus | Zykadee | |||
— |
Deltoidospora diaphana | ||||
— |
Dicotetradites granulatus | ||||
— |
Ephedripites ovatus | ||||
— |
Ephedripites undulatus | ||||
— |
Erdtmanipollis cretaceus | ||||
— |
Gleicheniidites excelsus | ||||
— |
Gleicheniidites senonicus | ||||
— |
Gnetaceaepollenites eocenipites | ||||
— |
Haloragacidites quadratus | ||||
— |
Hamulatisporis hamulatis | ||||
— |
Hymenophyllumsporites parvus | Farn | |||
— |
Hymenophyllumsporites pseudomaximus | Farn | |||
— |
Ilexpollenites compactus | ||||
— |
Inaperturopollenites rugulatus | ||||
— |
Interpollis cf. supplingensis | ||||
— |
Kurtzipites trispissatus | ||||
— |
Laevigatosporites anomalus | ||||
— |
Laevigatosporites discordatus | ||||
— |
Laevigatosporites gracilis | ||||
— |
Laevigatosporites ovatus | ||||
— |
Liliacidites variegatus | ||||
— |
Liliacidites sp. | ||||
— |
Lycopodiumsporites austroclavatidites | ||||
— |
Momipites circularis | ||||
— |
Momipites parvus | ||||
— |
Monosulcites carpentieri | ||||
— |
Monosulcites crescentus | ||||
— |
Monosulcites latus | ||||
— |
Monosulcites tectatus | ||||
— |
Monosulcites sp. | ||||
— |
Myrtipites granulatus | ||||
— |
Myrtipites scabratus | ||||
— |
Nyssapollenites analepticus | ||||
— |
Nyssapollenites pseudocruciatus | ||||
— |
Osmundacidites wellmanii | ||||
— |
Pachysandra cretaceae | ||||
— |
Palmidites maximus | ||||
— |
Peromonolites granulatus | ||||
— |
Phyllocladidites mawsonii | ||||
— |
Phyllocladidites ruei | ||||
— |
Podocarpidites otagoensis | ||||
— |
Polyadopollenites psilatus | ||||
— |
Polycolpites granulatus | ||||
— |
Polypodiidites inangahuensis | ||||
— |
Proteacidites retusus | ||||
— |
Proteacidites thalmannii | ||||
— |
Psilatricolporites prolatus | ||||
— |
Pterocaryapollenites stellatus | ||||
— |
Reticuloidosporites dentatus | ||||
— |
Schizosporis complexus | ||||
— |
Schizosporis parvus | ||||
— |
Spheripollenites subgranulatus | ||||
— |
Spinamonoporites typicus | ||||
— |
Stereisporites antiquasporites | ||||
— |
Stereisporites psilatus | ||||
— |
Striainaperturites ovatus | ||||
— |
Styx major | ||||
— |
Styx minor | ||||
— |
Taxodiaceaepollenites hiatus | ||||
— |
Triatriopollenites granilabratus | ||||
— |
Tricolpites bacustriatus | Mammutblatt | |||
— |
Tricolpites delicatulus | Mammutblatt | |||
— |
Tricolpites foveolatus | Mammutblatt | |||
— |
Tricolpites interangulus | Mammutblatt | |||
— |
Tricolpites parvistriatus | Mammutblatt | |||
— |
Tricolpites psilascabratus | Mammutblatt | |||
— |
Tricolpites reticulatus | Mammutblatt | |||
— |
Tricolpites striatus | Mammutblatt | |||
— |
Tricolpopollenites clavireticulatus | ||||
— |
Tricolpopollenites megaexactus | ||||
— |
Tricolpopollenites microreticulatus | ||||
— |
Tricolpopollenites microscabratus | ||||
— |
Tricolpopollenites spp. | ||||
— |
Tricolporopollenites elongatus | ||||
— |
Tricolporopollenites foveotectatus | ||||
— |
Tricolporopollenites granustriatus | ||||
— |
Tricolporopollenites megaexactus | ||||
— |
Tricolporopollenites prolatus | ||||
— |
Tricolporopollenites striatus | ||||
— |
Triplanosporites sinuosus | ||||
— |
Triporopollenites rugatus | ||||
— |
Ulmipollenites undulosus | ||||
— |
Ulmipollenites verrucatus | ||||
— |
Ulmoideipites tricostatus | ||||
— |
Wodehouseia spinata | ||||
— |
Zlivisporis blanensis |
Weitere Lagerstätten an den Gestaden des Binnenmeeres:
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Hell Creek Formation |
Weitere Lagerstätten aus Mein traumhaftes Dinosaurier-Buch:
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Hell Creek Formation – South Dakota (USA) vor 66 Ma
Prince Creek Formation – Alaska (USA) vor 69 Ma Djadochta Formation – Mongolei vor 74 Ma Niobrara Chalk Formation – Kansas vor 85 Ma Bahariya Formation – Ägypten vor 100 Ma Yixian Formation – Liaoning (China) vor 125 Ma Altmühltal Formation – Bayern (Deutschland) vor 155 Ma Posidonienschiefer – Baden-Württemberg (Deutschland) vor 180 Ma Trossingen Formation – Baden Württemberg (Deutschland) vor 210 Ma Chinle Formation – Arizona (USA) vor 225 Ma |
Alle anderen Lagerstätten, die in meinen Büchern eine Rolle spielen, erreichst du über meine Interaktive Karte:
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Quellenbelege:
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Retallack, G. J. (1994, November). A pedotype approach to latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary paleosols in eastern Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 106(11), 1377–1397. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1377:APATLC>2.3.CO;2.
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Norton, N. J., & Hall, J. H. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U.S.A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64.
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Benner, E. K. C., Cullen, T. M., & Evans, D. C. (2016, May 18–21). Morphological and histological analysis of a new large-bodied caenagnathid specimen (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Hell Creek Formation (Montana). In Canadian Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (pp. 17–18). Retrieved November 17, 2020.
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Longrich, N. R., Tokaryk, T., & Field, D. J. (2011). Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37), 15253–15257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108.
Weitere Literatur und informative Websites:
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„National Natural Landmarks – National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)“. U.S. National Park Service. 1966. p. 1. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
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„Hell Creek Project – Wilson Lab“. University of Washington. 2017. p. 1. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
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Currie, P.J.; Padian, K. (1997). The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press. pp. 1–901. ISBN 978-0-122-26810-6. Retrieved 30 March 2020.