Fossilbericht der Hell Creek- und Lance Formation

Lesedauer 89 Minuten

Die Hell Creek Formation ist die wohl bekannteste Fossillagerstätte aus dem Maastrichtiums der USA und gehört auch zu den am intensivsten erforschten auf der ganzen Welt. Zusammen mit der stratigraphisch identischen Lance Formation bietet sie die wohl besten Einblicke ins Ökosystem des westlichen Nordamerikas während der letzten beiden Jahrmillionen des Mesozoikums. Nicht zuletzt deshalb habe ich diese Gegend als Handlungsort für meine Romanreihe Die Weißen Steine ausgewählt. Hier wurden nicht nur viele der berühmtesten Dinosaurier gefunden, sondern auch eine Vielzahl weiterer interessanter Lebewesen aus der späten Kreidezeit. Aufgrund des schieren Umfangs der im Fossilbericht dieser Formationen belegten Arten sind sie hier in einem eigenen Artikel gelistet.

Die Hell Creek Formation liegt im nördlichen Westen der USA, genauer gesagt auf dem Gebiet der heutigen Bundesstaaten North Dakota, South Dakota und Montana. Sie wurde 1907 von dem Paläontologen Barnum Brown erstmals eingeführt. Brown benutzte den Namen in seiner Arbeit über geologische Aufschlüsse im Hell Creek Valley (zu deutsch: „Höllenschlucht-Tal“) nahe der Stadt Jordan in Montana, und an den darunterliegenden Nebenbächen des Missouri River.

Die Lance Formation erstreckt sich über einen Großteil dieses Bundesstaates Wyoming und ist der nahegelegenen Hell Creek Formation sehr ähnlich. Auch sie lag einst in einem prähistroischen Küstengebiet. Sie wurde erstmals 1903 durch John Bell Hatcher benannt, der den Begriff Lance Creek beds prägte. Später wurde dieser durch den USGS zu Lance Formation vereinfacht. Der Name stammt von dem Bach Lance Creek in Converse County in Wyoming.

Die Lancian Fauna

Die Tierfossilien, die in beiden Formationen gefunden wurden, werden in der Fachliteratur als Lancian Fauna bezeichnet. Dieser Begriff beschreibt die Tiergemeinschaft, die im letzten Abschnitt der Oberkreide Nordamerikas gemeinsam lebte, also zwischen 70,6 und 66 Millionen Jahren kurz vor dem Einschlag des Chicxulub-Meteoriten. Damals ereigneten sich tiefgreifende ökologische Umbrüche, ausgelöst durch den Rückzug des Western Interior Seaways und tektonische Hebungen im Westen des Kontinents. Beides führte zu einem klimatischen Wandel, und gleichzeitig auch zu einem Wandel in der Tierwelt des prähistorischen Nordamerikas, die große Ähnlichkeit mit zeitgleichen Faunengemeinschaften Ostasiens hatte. Wahrscheinlich befanden sich zwischen beiden Lebensräumen gelegentlich Landbrücken, die den Tieren Wanderbewegungen erlaubten.

Charakteristisch für diese Zeit ist ein starker Artenrückgang bei den Dinosauriern: Statt vieler spezialisierter Formen, wie sie noch im Campanium zu finden waren, dominierten nun bloß wenige, weit verbreitete Großpflanzenfresser die Tierwelt. Im Norden (blau) prägten vor allem Triceratops und Edmontosaurus die Ökosysteme, im Süden (gelb) war der rieisge Alamosaurus der größte und dominante Pflanzenfresser. Hier trat außerdem auch der Riesenflugsaurier Quetzalcoatlus auf. Beide fehlen wiederum im Fossilbericht der nördlicheren Ökosysteme, also auch in Hell Creek und Lance. Insgesamt markiert die Lancian Fauna den letzten stabilen Zustand nordamerikanischer Dinosaurierökosysteme vor ihrem abrupten Aussterben am Ende der Kreidezeit.

Sowohl aus der Hell Creek- als auch aus der Lance Formation sind jedoch auch auch marine Fazies bekannt, also Meeresablagerungen, wie etwa das Cannonball Marine Member. Da es nicht die typische Fauna von Landlebewesen enthält, sondern vor allem marine Wirbellose, werden diese Abschnitte oft auch zum marinen Pierre Shale oder Fox Hills Formation gezählt.¹ Die dort nachgewiesenen Arten sind hier nun ebenfalls mit aufgelistet. Sie gehören aber streng genommen nicht zur typischen Lancian Fauna.

Karte mit den Aufschlüssen der marinen Pierre Shale- und Fox Hills Formation, sowie der lakustrinen Hell Creek- und Lance Formation aus der obersten Kreidezeit, sowie der paläozänen Fort Union Formation, alle in den Williston- und Powder-River-Becken. Modifizierte Karte nach **Hartman (2002)**, aus dem als gemeinfrei gekennzeichneten Paper von **Denver Fowler (2020)**. Dort heruntergeladen am 18.10.2025.

Erklärungen zum Fossilbericht

Im nun folgenden Bericht werden alle überlieferten und wissenschaftlich beschriebenen Arten aufgeführt, die in der Hell Creek- und Lance Formation gefunden wurden. Dabei findest du folgende Informationen:

Bild: Zuerst ein Bild der Art, wie sie zu Lebzeiten wahrscheinlich aussah. Alle Bilder habe ich auf Basis von Fotos der Originalfossilien, paläontologischen Zeichnungen und auch eigenen, also selbstgezeichneten Fossilien erstellt. Hierbei kam KI zum Einsatz, um die Lebewesen hyperrealistisch darzustellen. Es gilt dabei aber zu bedenken, dass es sich hier nur um meine eigene Interpretation bzw. die des KI-Bots handelt, allerdings mit dem Ziel, dem tatsächlichen Lebewesen dabei so ähnlich zu sein wie nur irgend möglich. Gibt es von der Art ein Tierprofil auf dieser Website, so gelangst du mit einem Klick aufs Bild direkt zum Artikel.
Spezies: Hier der aktuelle wissenschaftliche Name der Spezies sowie die Quellenbelege zu wissenschaftlichen Fachpublikationen, welche die Anwesenheit des Lebewesens im Fossilbericht bestätigen. Ist der Name rot hervorgehoben, handelt es sich um eine Art, die höchstwahrscheinlich ungültig ist und daher eher nicht tatsächlich in Hell Creek oder Lance gelebt hat. Hellblau hervorgehobene Namen beschreiben Tiere, die zwar bereits wissenschaftlich bekannt sind und unzweifelhaft in Hell Creek und Lance gelebt haben, aber noch nicht formell beschrieben wurden. Gibt es von der Art ein Tierprofil auf dieser Website, ist der Name dunkelblau und unterstrichen. Mit einem Klick darauf gelangst du direkt zum Artikel.
Fundort: Hier die Bundessstaaten, in welchen die Lebewesen konkret gefunden wurden.
Stratigraphische Position: Hieraus kannst du das genaue Alter ablesen und aus welcher Zeit die Fossilien überliefert sind. Wenn dort z.B. „obere Hell Creek Formation“ steht, so ist damit die Zeit unmittelbar vor Chicxulub gemeint, also die letzten Jahrhunderttausende vor dem Einschlag. Die „untere Hell Creek Formation“ ist entsprechend älter. Bei einigen ist hier auch vermerkt, ob sie nur aus einer ganz bestimmten Fundstelle bekannt sind.
Bekanntes Material: Soweit Informationen darüber verfügbar, kannst du hieraus ablesen, wie häufig die Fossilien dieser Art insgesamt sind. Die Daten stammen aus der PBDB (Paleobiology Database). Ich habe hier immer die Gesamtzahl der dort gemeldeten Fossilien vermerkt, nicht nur aus Hell Creek- und Lance, sondern aller überhaupt gefundenen. Dies soll dem Leser eine Übersicht über den Forschungsstand zur beschriebenen Kreatur geben.
Bemerkungen: Hier findest du eine kurze Info zur Taxonomie, also der verwandtschaftlichen Zugehörigkeit des Fossils. Außerdem ist dort vermerkt, wenn noch andere (inzwischen aber veraltete!) Namen für das Fossil in der Fachliteratur kursieren, oder bei umstrittenen Arten, warum sie vielleicht doch nicht gültig sind.

WICHTIG: Diese Seite befindet sich in ständiger Überarbeitung. Neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse werden hier sobald ich dafür Zeit finde eingearbeitet, was allerdings manchmal etwas Zeit braucht. Du kannst aber gerne mithelfen: wenn du eine Anmerkung oder eine mir noch fehlende Information hast, oder auch einen Fehler findest, schreib mir bitte gern eine Nachricht!

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Foraminifera:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
	Cristellaria sp.²	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball-Member)	480 Exemplare	Foraminiferida
	Nodosaria sp.³	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball-Member)	1454 Exemplare	Nodosariidae

Korallen:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Paracyathus kayserensis⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Steinkoralle (Caryophylliidae)
Paracyathus lloydi⁵	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Steinkoralle (Caryophylliidae)
Paracyathus thomi⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Steinkoralle (Caryophylliidae)
Steriphonotrochus leithensis⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Hartkoralle (Guyniidae)
Trochocyathus dakotaensis⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Steinkoralle (Caryophylliidae)
Trochocyathus neumani ⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Steinkoralle (Caryophylliidae), gehört vielleicht nicht zu Trochocyathus

Kopffüßer:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Baculites compressus¹⁰	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies	27 Exemplare	Ammonit (Baculitidae)
Baculites ovatus¹¹	South Dakota	untere bis obere marine Fazies	50 Exemplare	Ammonit (Baculitidae)
Discoscaphites conradi¹²	South Dakota	untere bis obere marine Fazies	75 Exemplare	Ammonit (Scaphitidae)
Discoscaphites rossi¹³	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	10 Exemplare	Ammonit (Scaphitidae)
Hoploscaphites nicolletii¹⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	34 Exemplare	Ammonit (Scaphitidae); synonym zu Scaphites (Discoscaphites) abyssinus
Hoploscaphites nodosus¹⁵	Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies	15 Exemplare	Ammonit (Scaphitidae); synonym zu Scaphites (Discoscaphites) nodosus
Jeletzkytes nebrascensis¹⁶	South Dakota	untere marine Fazies Jeletzkytes nebrascensis	24 Exemplare	Ammonit (Scaphitidae); synonym zu Scaphites (Discoscaphites) cheyennensis
Placenticeras whitfieldi¹⁷	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies	240 Exemplare	Ammonit (Placenticeratidae)
Scaphitidae indet.¹⁸¹⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies	Viele unbestimmte Exemplare	Ammonit (Scaphitidae)
Sphenodiscus lenticularis²⁰²¹	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies; Hell Creek Formation	36 Exemplare	Ammonit (Sphenodiscidae)

Muscheln:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Anomia gryphorhyncha²²	North Dakota, South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	7 Exemplare	Sattelmuschel (Anomiidae)
Anomia micronema²³	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	7 Exemplare	Sattelmuschel (Anomiidae)
Callista deweyi²⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies	13 Exemplare	Venusmuschel (Veneridae); synonym zu Dosinopsis deweyi
Corbicula intermedea²⁵	South Dakota	untere bis obere marine Fazies	—	Körbchenmuschel (Corbiculidae); synonym zu Corbicula nebrascensis
Corbicula subelliptica²⁶²⁷	South Dakota	untere marine Fazies; Hell Creek Formation	—	Körbchenmuschel (Corbiculidae)
Corbiculidae indet.²⁸	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	Viele unbestimmte Exemplare	Körbchenmuschel (Corbiculidae)
Crassatella andrewsi ²⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball-Member)	—	Trapezmuschel (Crassatellidae); synonym zu Crassatellites evansi
Crassostrea subtrigonalis³⁰³¹	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere marine Fazies; Hell Creek Formation	—	Auster (Ostreidae)
Cucullaea nebraskensis³²	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies	9 Exemplare	Kapuzenmuschel (Cucullaeidae)
Cucullaea solenensis³³	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball-Member)	—	Kapuzenmuschel (Cucullaeidae)
Cuspidaria ventricosa³⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	7 Exemplare	Keulenmuschel (Cuspidariidae)
Cymbophora warrenana³⁵	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	21 Exemplare	Trogmuschel (Mactridae)
Dentalium pauperculum³⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Elefantenzahnmuschel (Dentaliidae)
Eriphyla mandanensis³⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Astarte (Astartidae)
Flexopecten glaber³⁸	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	3 Exemplare	Pectinidae (Kammmuschel); synonym zu Ostrea glabra
Glycymeris subimbricata³⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Samtmuschel (Glycymerididae)
Granocardium sp.⁴⁰	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Herzmuschel (Cardiidae)
Hiatella sp. (?)⁴¹	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Felsenbohrer (Hiatellidae)
Idonearca shumardi⁴²	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Archenmuschel (Arcidae); synonym zu Cucullaea shumardi
Inoceramus barabini⁴³	Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	—	Inocerame (Inoceramidae), gehört vielleicht nicht zu Inoceramus.
Jitlada arsinoensis⁴⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	4 Exemplare	Plattmuschel (Tellinidae); synonym zu Tellina scitula
Laternula subgracilis⁴⁵	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	4 Exemplare	Löffelmuschel (Periplomatidae); synonym zu Anatina subgracilis
Leda mansfieldi⁴⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Schnabelmuschel (Nuculanidae)
Leionucula suboblonga⁴⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	49 Exemplare	Nussmuschel (Nuculidae); synonym zu Nucula subplana
Leptesthes berthoudi⁴⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Körbchenmuschel (Cyrenidae); synonym zu Corbicula berthoudi
Leptosolen sp.⁴⁹	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Salzwassermuschel (Cultellidae)
Limopsis striatopunctatus⁵⁰	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	3 Exemplare	Salzwassermuschel (Limopsidae)
Lucina cedrensis⁵¹	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Mondmuschel (Lucinidae)
Malletia evansi⁵²	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere bis obere marine Fazies	8 Exemplare	Salzwassermuschel (Malletiidae)
Modiolus bucharrellensis⁵³	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Miesmuschel (Mytilidae)
Modiolus meeki⁵⁴	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	9 Exemplare	Miesmuschel (Mytilidae)
Nucula atacellana⁵⁵	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	9 Exemplare	Nussmuschel (Nuculidae), synonym zu Nucula cancellata
Nucula planimarginata⁵⁶	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere bis obere marine Fazies	12 Exemplare	Nussmuschel (Nuculidae)
Nymphalucina occidentalis⁵⁷	South Dakota, Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	13 Exemplare	Mondmuschel (Lucinidae)
Oxytoma nebrascana⁵⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	42 Exemplare	Flügelmuschel (Oxytomidae); synonym zu Pteria nebrascana
Phelopteria linguiformis⁵⁹	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado	untere bis obere marine Fazies	33 Exemplare	Flügelmuschel (Pteriidae)
Pleiodon sp.⁶⁰	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Iridinidae)
Plesielliptio postbiplicatus⁶¹	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Plesielliptio stantoni⁶²	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae), synonym zu Plesielliptio gibbosoides
Plesielliptio whitfieldi⁶³	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Plethobasus aesopiformis⁶⁴	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Plethobasus biesopoides⁶⁵	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Pleurobema cryptorhynchus⁶⁶	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Portlandia arctica⁶⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Salzwassermuschel (Yoldiidae ); synonym zu Portlandia ovata
Proparreysia barnumi⁶⁸	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Proparreysia corbiculoides⁶⁹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Proparreysia holmesiana⁷⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Proparreysia letsoni⁷¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Proparreysia paucinodosa⁷²	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Proparreysia percorrugata⁷³	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Proparreysia pyramidatoides⁷⁴	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Proparreysia pyramidella⁷⁵	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae); synonym zu Obovaria pyramidella
Proparreysia retusoides⁷⁶	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Proparreysia verrucosiformis⁷⁷	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Protocardia subquadrata⁷⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	10 Exemplare	Herzmuschel (Cardiidae)
Quadrula cylindricoides⁷⁹	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Rhabdotophorus aldrichi⁸⁰	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwassermuschel (Unionidae)
Solemya bilix⁸¹	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Schotenmuschel (Solemyidae)
Sphaerium beckmani⁸²	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation	7 Exemplare	Salzwassermuschel (Sphaeriidae)
Tancredia americana⁸³	North Dakota, South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	11 Exemplare	Herzmuschel (Tancrediidae); synonym zu Hettangia americana
Tancredia sp.⁸⁴	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Herzmuschel (Tancrediidae), gehört vielleicht nicht zu Tancredia
Trigonia hancocki⁸⁵	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Dreiecksmuschel (Trigoniidae); gehört vielleicht nicht zu Trigonia
Varicorbula gibba⁸⁶	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Korbmuschel (Corbulidae), synonym zu Corbula mactriformis
Veloritina occidentalis⁸⁷	South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	—	Körbchenmuschel (Corbiculidae); synonym zu Corbicula cytheriformis und Corbicula occidentalis
Yoldia thomi⁸⁸	North Dakota, South Dakota	obere marine Fazies (Cannonball Member)	—	Salzwasssermuschel (Yoldiidae)

Schnecken:

Bild:	Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
	Campeloma sp.⁸⁹	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Süßwasserschnecke (Viviparidae)
—	Cinulia coacinna⁹⁰	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Salzwasserschnecke (Ringiculidae); Nomen dubium
	Cylichna volvaria⁹¹	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Kanu-Blasenschnecke (Cylichnidae)
	Drepanochilus evansi⁹²	South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	—	Pelikanfuß (Aporrhaidae); Synonym zu Anchura americana und Drepanocheilus americanus
	Euspira concinna⁹³	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Mondschnecke (Naticidae); synonym zu Lunatia concinna
	Euspira obliquata⁹⁴	South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	5 Exemplare	Mondschnecke (Naticidae); synonym zu Lunatia obliquata
	Euspira occidentalis⁹⁵	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Mondschnecke (Naticidae); synonym zu Lunatia occidentalis
	Euspira subcrassa⁹⁶	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Mondschnecke (Naticidae)
	Fasciolaria buccinoides⁹⁷	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Tulpenschnecke (Fasciolariidae)
	Fasciolaria culbertsoni⁹⁸	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Tulpenschnecke (Fasciolariidae), synonym zu Piestochilus culbertsoni
	Haminea minor⁹⁹	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Blasenschnecke (Bullidae); synonym zu Haminea minor
	Melampus sp.¹⁰⁰	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Küstenschnecke (Ellobiidae)
	Nerita insculpta¹⁰¹	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Kahnschnecke (Neritidae), synonym zu Melania insculpta
	Neritina baptista¹⁰²	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Kahnschnecke (Neritidae), synonym zu Velatella baptista
	Neritina bruneri¹⁰³	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Kahnschnecke (Neritidae)
	Pachymelania wyomingensis¹⁰⁴	Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	—	Kahnschnecke (Neritidae); synonym zu Melania wyomingensis
	Panopea simulatrix¹⁰⁵	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Felsenbohrer (Hiatellidae), synonym zu Panope simulatrix
	Pyropsis bairdi¹⁰⁶	South Dakota	untere marine Fazies	—	Salzwasserschnecke (Moreidae)
	Pyrifusus newberryi¹⁰⁷	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Salzwasserschnecke (Pholidotomida)
	Serrifusus dakotensis¹⁰⁸	Wyoming	untere marine Fazies	2 Exemplare	Kronenschnecke (Melongenidae)
	Teredo sp.¹⁰⁹	—	untere marine Fazies	—	Schiffsbohrer (Teredinidae)

Gliederfüßer:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Aeschnidiidae indet.¹¹⁰	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Libelle (Aeschnidiidae)
Brachycera indet.¹¹¹	South Dakota	Obere Hell Creek Formation	—	Fliege (Brachycera)
Casterolimulus kletti¹¹²	North Dakota	Fox Hills Formation oder untere Hell Creek Formation	1	Pfeilschwanzkrebs (Limulidae)
Cephaloleichnites strongi¹¹³	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Fraßspur eines Käfers auf Ingwer-Blatt
Gracillariidae indet.¹¹⁴	Montana	Mexican Hat Locality	—	Fraßspur einer Raupe auf verschiedenen Blättern, die Typisch für Miniermotten sind
Hemiphlebiidae indet.¹¹⁵	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Damselfliege (Hemiphlebiidae)
Nematocera indet.¹¹⁶	South Dakota	Obere Hell Creek Formation	—	Mücke (Nematocera)

Die hier beschriebenen Insekten sind vor allem aus Bernstein-Einschlüssen bekannt.¹¹⁷Viele von ihnen, die in der Hell Creek Formation und der darüberliegenden Fort Union Formation noch vorkamen, sind wahrscheinlich während des Massenaussterbens am Ende der Kreidezeit ausgestorben.¹¹⁸¹¹⁹¹²⁰

Knorpelfische:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Carcharias sp.¹²¹	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Sandtigerhai (Carchariidae)
Carcharhinidae indet. ¹²²	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Requiemhai (Carcharhinidae)
Chiloscyllium sp.¹²³	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Bambushai (Hemiscylliidae)
Galagadon nordquistae¹²⁴	South Dakota (Matrix von T. rex „Sue“)	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Teppichhai (Orectolobiformes)
Lonchidion selachos¹²⁵¹²⁶	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	59 Exemplare	Hybodonter Hai (Lonchidiidae)
Myledaphus biparitus¹²⁷	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	185 Exemplare	Gitarrenrochen (Rhinobatidae)
Myledaphus pustulosus¹²⁸¹²⁹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	über 1600 Exemplare	Gitarrenrochen (Rhinobatidae)
Protoginglymostoma estesi¹³⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Ammenhai (Ginglymostomatidae)
Restesia americana¹³¹¹³²¹³³	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Mittlere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	26 Exemplare	Teppichhai (Orectolobiformes)
Scapanorhynchus sp. ¹³⁴	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Koboldhai (Mitsukurinidae)
Texatrygon avonicola¹³⁵	Wyoming	Lance Formation	44 Exemplare	Scheinsägerochen (Ptychotrygonidae)

Knochenfische:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Acipenser amnisinferos ¹³⁶	North Dakota (Tanis)	Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom	—	Stör (Acipenseridae)
Acipenser cf. amnisinferos¹³⁷	North Dakota (Tanis)	Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom	—	Stör (Acipenseridae)
Acipenser eruciferus¹³⁸	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	11 Exemplare	Stör (Acipenseridae)
Acipenser praeparatorum¹³⁹	North Dakota (Tanis)	Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom	—	Stör (Acipenseridae)
Acipenser sp.¹⁴⁰	North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	18 Exemplare	Stör (Acipenseridae)
Anchiacipenser acanthaspis¹⁴¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Stör (Acipenseridae)
Arotus hieroglyphus¹⁴²	Montana	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	—	Knochenfisch (Osteoglossomorpha); synonym zu Ceratodus hieroglyphus
Belonostomus longirostris¹⁴³	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	70 Exemplare	Knochenfisch (Aspidorhynchiformes)
Coriops amnicolus¹⁴⁴¹⁴⁵	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	54 Exemplare	Knochenfisch (Osteoglossomorpha)
Cyclurus fragosus¹⁴⁶¹⁴⁷	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	über 2600 Exemplare	Kahlhecht (Amiidae); synonym zu Amia fragosa
„Lepisosteus occidentalis“¹⁴⁸¹⁴⁹¹⁵⁰	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	über 980 Exemplare	Knochenhecht (Lepisosteidae)
Melvius thomasi¹⁵¹¹⁵²	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	41 Exemplare	Kahlhecht (Amiidae)
Pachyrhizodontoidei indet.¹⁵³	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Knochenfisch (Pachyrhizodontoidei)
Palaeolabrus montanensis¹⁵⁴	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	4 Exemplare	Knochenfisch (Palaeolabridae)
Paleopsephurus wilsoni¹⁵⁵	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	4 Exemplare	Löffelstör (Polyodontidae)
Paralbula casei¹⁵⁶	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	82 Exemplare	Knochenfisch (Phyllodontidae)
Parapsephurus willybemisi¹⁵⁷	North Dakota (Tanis)	Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom	—	Löffelstör (Polyodontidae)
Phyllodus paulkatoi¹⁵⁸	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	3 Exemplare	Knochenfisch (Phyllodontidae)
Platacodon nanus¹⁵⁹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	21 Exemplare	Umberfisch (Sciaenidae)
Polyodontidae indet.¹⁶⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Löffelstör (Polyodontidae)
Protamia sp.¹⁶¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Kahlhecht (Amiidae)
Protoscaphirhynchus squamosus¹⁶²	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Stör (Acipenseridae)
Pugiopsephurus inundatus¹⁶³	North Dakota (Tanis)	Oberste Hell Creek Formatiom	—	Löffelstör (Polyodontidae)

Amphibien:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Anura indet.¹⁶⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota	Mittlere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	3 Exemplare	Frosch (Anura); vielleicht ein Palaeobatrachus occidentalis
Barbourula sp.¹⁶⁵	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Unke (Bombinatoridae)
Caudata indet.¹⁶⁶¹⁶⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	149 Exemplare	Salamander?
Eopelobates sp.¹⁶⁸	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Kröte (Pelobatidae)
Habrosaurus dilatus¹⁶⁹¹⁷⁰	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Mittlere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	52 Exemplare	Armmolch (Sirenidae)
Lisserpeton bairdi¹⁷¹¹⁷²	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	25 Exemplare	Schwanzlurch (Scapherpetontidae)
Opisthotriton kayi¹⁷³¹⁷⁴	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	111 Exemplare	Salamander (Batrachosauroididae)
Palaeobatrachus occidentalis¹⁷⁵	Montana, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	—	Frosch (Palaeobatrachidae); möglicherweise kein „echter“ Palaeobatrachus, sondern ein anderer Frosch (Anura indet.)
Paranecturus garbanii¹⁷⁶	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	8 Exemplare	Grottenolm (Proteidae)
Proamphiuma cretacea¹⁷⁷	Montana, North Dakota	Bug Creek Anthills	4 Exemplare	Schwanzlurch (Caudata)
Prodesmodon copei¹⁷⁸¹⁷⁹	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	32 Exemplare	Salamander (Batrachosauroididae)
Scapherpeton tectum¹⁸⁰¹⁸¹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	132 Exemplare	Schwanzlurch (Scapherpetontidae)
Scotiophryne pustulosa¹⁸²¹⁸³	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	16 Exemplare	Frosch (Anura)
Theatonius lancensis¹⁸⁴	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	—	Frosch (Anura)

Schuppenechsen:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Boidae indet.¹⁸⁵	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	—
Cemeterius monstrosus¹⁸⁶¹⁸⁷¹⁸⁸	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Schuppenechse (Platynota)
Cerberophis robustus¹⁸⁹¹⁹⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Schlange (Alethinophidia)
Chamops segnis¹⁹¹¹⁹²	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	28 Exemplare	Schienenechse (Chamopsidae)
Colpodontosaurus cracens¹⁹³¹⁹⁴¹⁹⁵	Wyoming	Lance Formation	10 Exemplare	Schleichenartiger (Anguimorpha)
Contogenys sloani¹⁹⁶	Montana, South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	5 Exemplare	Skink (Scincidae)
Estescincosaurus cooki¹⁹⁷¹⁹⁸	Wyoming	Lance Formation	3 Exemplare	Skink (Scincidae)
Exostinus lancensis¹⁹⁹²⁰⁰	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	16 Exemplare	Höckereche (Xenosauridae)
Haptosphenus placodon²⁰¹²⁰²	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	10 Exemplare	Schienenechse (Teiidae)
Leptochamops denticulatus²⁰³²⁰⁴	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	22 Exemplare	Schienenechse (Teiidae)
Litakis gilmorei²⁰⁵	Wyoming	Lance Formation	3 Exemplare	Schuppenechse (Squamata; genauere Bestimmung nicht möglich)
Meniscognathus altmani²⁰⁶	Wyoming	Lance Formation	11 Exemplare	Schienenechse (Chamopsidae)
Mosasauridae indet.²⁰⁷	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Mosasaurier
Obamadon gracilis²⁰⁸²⁰⁹²¹⁰	Montana, Wyomimg	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Schuppenechse (Polyglyphanodontia)
Palaeosaniwa canadensis²¹¹²¹²	Montana, North Dakota, Wyomimg	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	22 Exemplare	Krustenechse (Monstersauria)
Paraderma bogerti²¹³²¹⁴	Montana, Wyomimg	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	13 Exemplare	Krustenechse (Monstersauria)
Parasaniwa wyomingensis²¹⁵²¹⁶	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	21 Exemplare	Waran (Palaeovaranidae)
Peneteius aquilonius²¹⁷²¹⁸	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	5 Exemplare	Schuppenechse (Polyglyphanodontia)
Prognathodontini indet.²¹⁹	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation, oberhalb des Breien Member	1 Exemplar	Mosasaurier (Prognathodontini )
Proxestops jepseni²²⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	11 Exemplare	Blindschleiche (Anguidae)
Socognathus brachyodonni²²¹	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Schienenechse (Chamopsidae)

Aus den marinen Faszies der Hell Creek Formation sind die bislang noch unbestimmten Fossilien eines großen Mosasauriers bekannt, der eine geschätzte Länge von 11m gehabt haben könnte.²²² Doch Mosasaurier kamen in Hell Creek auch im Süßwasser vor! Bekannt ist eine Zahnkrone, die in Süßwasserablagerungen gemeinsam mit einem Zahn von T. rex, einem Oberkieferknochen eines Krokodilverwandten sowie einem Hadrosaurier-Zahn; die stratigraphische Position liegt oberhalb des marinen Breien Members.²²³

Schildkröten:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Adocus sp.²²⁴²²⁵	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	—	Halsberger-Schilddkröte (Adocidae)
Aspideretoides foveatus²²⁶	Wyoming	Lance Formation	5 Exemplare	Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae)
Axestemys infernalis²²⁷²²⁸²²⁹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation	10 Exemplare	—
Basilemys sinuosa²³⁰²³¹²³²	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	15 Exemplare	Tabasco-Flussschildkröte (Dermatemydidae)
Cedrobaena putorius²³³²³⁴	North Dakota, South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	5 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenoidea)
Chelydridae indet.²³⁵	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	Alligatorschildkröte (Chelydridae)
Compsemys victa²³⁶²³⁷	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	116 Exemplare	Schnappschildkröte (Compsemydidae)
Emarginachelys cretacea²³⁸	Montana, North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	5 Exemplare	Schnappschildkröte (Americhelydia)
Eubaena cephalica²³⁹²⁴⁰	Montana, North Dakota, Wyomimg	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	7 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
Gamerabaena sonsalla²⁴¹²⁴²	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
Gilmoremys lancensis²⁴³²⁴⁴	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	6 Exemplare	Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae)
Helopanoplia distincta²⁴⁵²⁴⁶	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	40 Exemplare	Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae)
Hoplochelys clark²⁴⁷	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Tabasco-Flussschildkröte (Dermatemydidae)
Hutchemys walkerorum²⁴⁸	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae)
Neurankylus eximius²⁴⁹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	9 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
Osteopygis backmani²⁵⁰	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	13 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae); synonym zu Judithemys backmani
Palatobaena cohen²⁵¹	Montana, North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	3 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
Peckemys brinkman²⁵²²⁵³	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	5 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae); synonum zu Cedrobaena brinkman
Plastomenus sp.²⁵⁴²⁵⁵	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	—	Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae)
Plesiobaena antiqua²⁵⁶	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	25 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
Saxochelys gilberti²⁵⁷	North Dakota, South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	3 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
Stygiochelys estesi²⁵⁸	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	5 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
Thescelus insiliens²⁵⁹²⁶⁰	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	5 Exemplare	Süßwasserschildkröte (Baenidae)
Trionyx sp.²⁶¹²⁶²	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	—	Weichschildkröte (Trionychidae)

Choristodera:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Champsosaurus ambulator²⁶³²⁶⁴	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Champsosaurier (Champsosauridae); früher als Champsosaurus natator klassifiziert
Champsosaurus laramiensis²⁶⁵²⁶⁶	Montana, North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	5 Exemplare	Champsosaurier (Champsosauridae)
Champsosaurus sp.²⁶⁷	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Champsosaurier (Champsosauridae)

Bild:

Spezies:

Fundort:

Stratigraphische Position:

Bekanntes Material:

Bemerkungen:

Champsosaurus ambulator²⁶³²⁶⁴

Montana

Hell Creek Formation

1 Exemplar

Champsosaurier (Champsosauridae); früher als Champsosaurus natator klassifiziert

Champsosaurus laramiensis²⁶⁵²⁶⁶

Montana, North Dakota

Hell Creek Formation

5 Exemplare

Champsosaurier (Champsosauridae)

Champsosaurus sp.²⁶⁷

Wyoming

Lance Formation

1 Exemplar

Champsosaurier (Champsosauridae)

Krokodile:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Borealosuchus sternbergii²⁶⁸²⁶⁹²⁷⁰	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	85 Exemplare	Scheinkrokodil (Eusuchia)
Brachychampsa montana²⁷¹²⁷²²⁷³	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	82 Exemplare	Alligator (Alligatoridae)
Prodiplocynodon langi²⁷⁴	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Scheinkrokodil (Crocodyloidea)
Thoracosaurus neocesariensis²⁷⁵²⁷⁶	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	30 Exemplare	Scheinkrokodil (Eusuchia)

Es sind außerdem die fragmentarischen Überreste eines weiteren Krokodils bekannt, die vielleicht zu einem besonders großen Exemplar von Thoracosaurus gehören könnten.

Pterosaurier:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Azhdarchidae indet.²⁷⁷	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Azhdarchidae
Infernodrakon hastacollis²⁷⁸²⁷⁹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Azhdarchidae
Pterosauria indet.²⁸⁰	—	Hell Creek Formation	—	(Pteranodontidae?)

Ornithischier:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Ankylosaurus magniventris²⁸¹²⁸²²⁸³	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	15 Exemplare	Ankylosauridae
Denversaurus schlessmani²⁸⁴²⁸⁵²⁸⁶	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	4 Exemplare	Nodosauridae
Dracorex hogwartsia²⁸⁷²⁸⁸²⁸⁹²⁹⁰	South Dakota	Mittlere Hell Creek Formation	—	umstritten, sehr wahrscheinlich Synonym zu Pachycephalosaurus, vielleicht ein Jungtier
Edmontonia sp.²⁹¹	Wyoming	Lance Formation	—	umstritten, höchstwahrscheinlich synonym mit Denversaurus
Edmontosaurus annectens²⁹²²⁹³²⁹⁴²⁹⁵²⁹⁶²⁹⁷²⁹⁸²⁹⁹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	29 Exemplare	Hadrosaurier (Saurolophini)
Leptoceratops gracilis³⁰⁰³⁰¹³⁰²³⁰³	Montana, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	5 Exemplare	Ceratopsier (Leptoceratopsidae)
Nedoceratops hatcheri³⁰⁴³⁰⁵³⁰⁶³⁰⁷³⁰⁸	Wyoming	Lance Formation	—	umsritten, sehr wahrscheinlich Synonym zu Triceratops, vielleicht ein Jungtier
Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis³⁰⁹³¹⁰³¹¹³¹²	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	26 Exemplare	Pachycephalosauridae
„Palaeosincus latus“³¹³	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Nomen dubium. Zähne eines Nodosauriers oder Pachycephalosauriers.
Platytholus clemensi³¹⁴	Montana	Untere Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Pachycephalosauridae
Sphaerotholus buchholtzae³¹⁵³¹⁶³¹⁷	Montana	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	2 Exemplare	Pachycephalosauridae
Sphaerotholus triregnum³¹⁸³¹⁹	Montana	Mittlere Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Pachycephalosauridae
Stygimoloch spinifer³²⁰³²¹³²²³²³³²⁴	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Oberste Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	—	umstritten, möglicherweise Synonym oder jüngere Chronospezies zu Pachycephalosaurus
Tatankaceratops sacrisonorum³²⁵³²⁶	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	umstritten, höchstwahrscheinlich Synonym zu Triceratops
Thescelosaurus garbanii³²⁷³²⁸³²⁹	Montana	Untere bis oebre Hell Creek Formation	3 Exemplare	Thescelosauridae
Thescelosaurus neglectus³³⁰³³¹³³²³³³³³⁴³³⁵	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	28 Exemplare	Thescelosauridae
Torosaurus latus³³⁶³³⁷³³⁸³³⁹³⁴⁰³⁴¹	North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	7 Exemplare	umstritten, möglicherweise Synonym zu Triceratops (Männchen?)
Triceratops horridus³⁴²³⁴³³⁴⁴³⁴⁵	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis mittlere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	41 Exemplare	Ceratopsier (Chasmosaurinae)
Triceratops prorsus³⁴⁶³⁴⁷³⁴⁸³⁴⁹³⁵⁰³⁵¹	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	17 Exemplare	Ceratopsier (Chasmosaurinae); mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit jüngere Chronospezies von T. horridus.

Saurischia:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Acheroraptor temertyorum³⁵²³⁵³	Montana, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	2 Exemplare, viele Zähne	Dromaeosauridae (Velociraptorini)
Anzu wyliei³⁵⁴³⁵⁵³⁵⁶³⁵⁷	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	12 Exemplare	Caenagnathidae
Caenagnathidae indet.³⁵⁸³⁵⁹	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	—	Sehr großer Oviraptorosaurier, deutlich größer als Anzu wyliei; sowie ein kleiner partieller Kiefer, der einst für den Schnabel eines Papageien gehalten wurde
Dakotaraptor steini³⁶⁰³⁶¹³⁶²³⁶³	South Dakota	Obere Hell Creek Formation	4 Exemplare	umstritten, sehr großer Dromaeosaurier; wahrscheinlich eine Chimäre
Eoneophron infernalis³⁶⁴	South Dakota	Obere Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Caenagnathidae
Microraptoria indet.³⁶⁵	Wyoming	Lance Formation	4 Exemplare	Möglicherweise der jüngste Nachweis eines Microraptoriden. Könnte jedoch auch zu einem Halszkaraptorinen oder kleinen Unenlagnien gehören.
Nanotyrannus lancensis³⁶⁶³⁶⁷³⁶⁸³⁶⁹	Montana	Obere Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Nanotyrannidae (Dryptosauridae?)
Nanotyrannus lethaeus³⁷⁰	Montana	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	umstritten, Basierend auf dem Exemplar „Jane“, das vielleicht auch ein juveniler T. rex sein könnte; Nanotyrannidae (Dryptosauridae?)
Ornithomimidae indet.³⁷¹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation	15 Exemplare aus Hell Creek	Ornithomimidae
Ornithomimus velox³⁷²³⁷³³⁷⁴³⁷⁵	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	5 Exemplare	Ornithomimidae
„Orcomimus“³⁷⁶	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar?	Nomen nudum; noch nicht beschriebener Ornithomimosaurier
Pectinodon bakkeri³⁷⁷³⁷⁸	South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	5 Exemplare, viele Zähne	Troodontidae
Paronychodon caperatus³⁷⁹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	—	umstritten, viele Zahnfunde eines Troodontiden; wahrscheinlich Synonym zu Pectinodon
Richardoestesia sp.³⁸⁰³⁸¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	umstritten, „Mülleimer-Gattung“, der viele Zähne zugeschrieben wurden; wahrschleinlich Synonym zu Pectinodon
Struthiomimus sedens³⁸²³⁸³³⁸⁴³⁸⁵³⁸⁶	Montana, Wyoming	Obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Ornithomimidae
Trierarchuncus prairiensis³⁸⁷³⁸⁸³⁸⁹³⁹⁰	Montana, Wyoming	Obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	6 Exemplare	Alvarezsauridae
Tyrannosaurus rex³⁹¹³⁹²³⁹³³⁹⁴	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Untere bis obere Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	73 Exemplare	Tyrannosauridae

Vögel:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Avisaurus archibaldi³⁹⁵³⁹⁶³⁹⁷³⁹⁸	Montana, North Dakota	Mittlere Hell Creek Formation	2 Exemplare	Enantiornithes (Avisauridae)
Avisaurus cf. archibaldi³⁹⁹	Montana	Oberste Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Enantiornithes (Avisauridae)
Avisaurus darwini⁴⁰⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Enantiornithes (Avisauridae)
Avisaurus sp.⁴⁰¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Enantiornithes (Avisauridae)
Brodavis baileyi⁴⁰²	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Hesperornithes (Brodavidae)
Ceramornis major⁴⁰³⁴⁰⁴	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Regenpfeifer (Cimolopterygidae)
Cimolopteryx rara⁴⁰⁵⁴⁰⁶	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Regenpfeifer (Cimolopterygidae)
„Cimolopteryx maxima“⁴⁰⁷⁴⁰⁸⁴⁰⁹	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Nomen dubium; wahrscheinlich kein Cimolopteryx; Röhrenschnabel (Cimolopterygidae?)
„Enantiornithine A“⁴¹⁰	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Enantiornithes, fälschlich zuerst Ornithomimus zugeordnet
„Enantiornithine B“⁴¹¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	noch unbeschrieben, Enantiornithes
Galloanserae indet.⁴¹²⁴¹³	Wyoming	Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Galloanserae
Graculavus augustus⁴¹⁴⁴¹⁵	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Regenpfeifer (Charadriiformes?)
„Hesperornithiform A“⁴¹⁶⁴¹⁷	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	noch unbeschrieben, Hesperornithes, vielleicht Synonym zu Potamornis
Lamarqueavis minima⁴¹⁸⁴¹⁹	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Regenpfeifer (Cimolopterygidae)
Lamarqueavis petra⁴²⁰⁴²¹	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Regenpfeifer (Cimolopterygidae)
Lonchodytes estesi⁴²²⁴²³	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Röhrennasen (Procellariiformes?)
„Lonchodytes pterygius“⁴²⁴	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Nomen dubium; wahrscheinlich kein Lonchodytes; Regenpfeifer (Charadriiformes?)
Magnusavis ekalakaenis⁴²⁵	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Enantiornithes, eng verwandt mit Avisauridae
„Ornithurine A“⁴²⁶⁴²⁷	Wyoming	Lance Formation	3 Exemplare	noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae, ähnelt Cimolopteryx
„Ornithurine B“⁴²⁸⁴²⁹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae, ähnelt Cimolopteryx
„Ornithurine C“⁴³⁰⁴³¹	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae; vielleicht Graculavus augustus
„Ornithurine D“⁴³²	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae, wahrscheinlich Ichthyornithidae
„Ornithurine E“⁴³³	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae
„Ornithurine F“⁴³⁴	Wyoming	Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	noch unbeschrieben, Ornithurae, ähnelt Cimolopteryx
„Palaeotringa vetus“⁴³⁵	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Nomen dubium; wahrscheinlich kein Palaeotringa, vielleicht ein Kranichartiger (Gruiformes?)
Palintropus retusus⁴³⁶⁴³⁷	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Ambiortiformes
Phalacrocoracidae indet.⁴³⁸	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Kormoran (Phalacrocoracidae)
Potamornis skutchi⁴³⁹⁴⁴⁰	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Hesperornithes
Presbyornithidae indet.⁴⁴¹	Wyoming	Lance Formation	4 Exemplare	Presbyornithidae
„Styginetta lofgreni“⁴⁴²	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	Mehrere Exemplare	noch unbeschrieben (Nomen nudum), Gänsevögel (Presbyornithidae)
Torotix clemensi⁴⁴³	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Pelikan (Pelecaniformes)

Multituberculata:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Cimexomys cf. minor⁴⁴⁴	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Multituberculata, unsichere Verwandtschaft
Cimexomys minor⁴⁴⁵⁴⁴⁶	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	30 Exemplare	Multituberculata, unsichere Verwandtschaft
Cimexomys sp.⁴⁴⁷	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Multituberculata, unsichere Verwandtschaft
Cimolodon cf. nitidus⁴⁴⁸⁴⁴⁹	South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Cimolodontidae
Cimolodon nitidus⁴⁵⁰⁴⁵¹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	77 Exemplare	Cimolodontidae
Cimolodon peregrinus⁴⁵²	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Cimolodontidae
Cimolodon sp.⁴⁵³	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Cimolodontidae
Cimolomys cf. gracilis⁴⁵⁴	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Cimolomyidae
Cimolomys gracilis⁴⁵⁵	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation	32 Exemplare	Cimolomyidae
Essonodon browni⁴⁵⁶⁴⁵⁷	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	16 Exemplare	Cimolomyidae
Meniscoessus cf. robustus⁴⁵⁸⁴⁵⁹	South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Cimolomyidae
Meniscoessus conquistus⁴⁶⁰	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	Mehrere Exemplare	Cimolomyidae
Meniscoessus robustus⁴⁶¹⁴⁶²	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	111 Exemplare	Cimolomyidae
Meniscoessus sp.⁴⁶³	North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Cimolomyidae
Mesodma cf. formosa⁴⁶⁴	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Neoplagiaulacidae
Mesodma cf. hensleighi⁴⁶⁵	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Neoplagiaulacidae
Mesodma formosa⁴⁶⁶⁴⁶⁷	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	47 Exemplare	Neoplagiaulacidae
Mesodma hensleighi⁴⁶⁸⁴⁶⁹	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	25 Exemplare	Neoplagiaulacidae
Mesodma thompsoni⁴⁷⁰⁴⁷¹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	58 Exemplare	Neoplagiaulacidae
Mesodma sp.⁴⁷²	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Neoplagiaulacidae
Multituberculata indet.⁴⁷³	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Multituberculata
Neoplagiaulax burgessi⁴⁷⁴	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Neoplagiaulacidae
Neoplagiaulacidae indet.⁴⁷⁵	Wyoming	Lance Formation	1 Exemplar	Neoplagiaulacidae
Paracimexomys priscus⁴⁷⁶⁴⁷⁷	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	11 Exemplare	Multituberculata, unsichere Verwandtschaft
Paressonodon nelsoni⁴⁷⁸⁴⁷⁹	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	3 Exemplare	Cimolomyidae
Parikimys carpenteri⁴⁸⁰	Wyoming	Lance Formation	3 Exemplare	Neoplagiaulacidae
Stygimys kuszmauli⁴⁸¹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	40 Exemplare	Eucosmodontidae
Valenopsalis joyneri⁴⁸²	Montana	Obere Hell Creek Formation	9 Exemplare	Taeniolabidoidea

Beuteltiere:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Alphadon cf. marshi⁴⁸³	Montana, South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Alphadontidae
Alphadon cf. wilsoni⁴⁸⁴	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Alphadontidae
Alphadon marshi⁴⁸⁵⁴⁸⁶	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	30 Exemplare	Alphadontidae
Alphadon wilsoni⁴⁸⁷	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	3 Exemplare	Alphadontidae
Didelphodon cf. vorax⁴⁸⁸	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	—	Stagodontidae
Didelphodon padanicus⁴⁸⁹	South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	20 Exemplare	Stagodontidae
Didelphodon vorax⁴⁹⁰⁴⁹¹	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	72 Exemplare	Stagodontidae
Didelphodon sp.⁴⁹²	North Dakota, South Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	Mehrere Exemplare	Stagodontidae
Glasbius cf. twitchelli⁴⁹³	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Glasbiidae
Glasbius twitchelli⁴⁹⁴	Montana, North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	20 Exemplare	Glasbiidae
Leptalestes cooki⁴⁹⁵⁴⁹⁶	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	22 Exemplare	Pediomyidae
Leptalestes krejcii⁴⁹⁷⁴⁹⁸⁴⁹⁹	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	23 Exemplare	Pediomyidae
Nanocuris improvida⁵⁰⁰	Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	2 Exemplare	Deltatheridiidae
Nortedelphys jasoni⁵⁰¹⁵⁰²⁵⁰³	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	13 Exemplare	Herpetotheriidae
Pediomys elegans⁵⁰⁴⁵⁰⁵	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	35 Exemplare	Pediomyidae
Protalphadon foxi⁵⁰⁶	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Alphadontidae
Protalphadon lulli⁵⁰⁷⁵⁰⁸	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	11 Exemplare	Alphadontidae; synonym zu Alphadon lulli
Protolambda florencae⁵⁰⁹⁵¹⁰⁵¹¹⁵¹²	Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	31 Exemplare	Pediomyidae
Protolambda hatcheri⁵¹³⁵¹⁴⁵¹⁵⁵¹⁶	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	38 Exemplare	Pediomyidae
Protolambda mcgilli⁵¹⁷⁵¹⁸⁵¹⁹⁵²⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Pediomyidae
Turgidodon rhaister⁵²¹⁵²²	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	18 Exemplare	Alphadontidae

Eutheria:

Spezies:	Fundort:	Stratigraphische Position:	Bekanntes Material:	Bemerkungen:
Alostera saskatchewanensis⁵²³⁵²⁴	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	7 Exemplare	Eutheria, unklare Verwandtschaft
Altacreodus magnus⁵²⁵⁵²⁶	Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	10 Exemplare	Vielleicht ein Creodont
Ambilestes cerberoides⁵²⁷	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	9 Exemplare	Eutheria, unklare Verwandtschaft
Batodon tenuis⁵²⁸⁵²⁹	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	13 Exemplare	Cimolestidae
Cimolestes incisus⁵³⁰⁵³¹	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	19 Exemplare	Cimolestidae
Cimolestes stirtoni⁵³²⁵³³	Montana, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	7 Exemplare	Cimolestidae
Gypsonictops cf. illuminatus⁵³⁴	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Leptictida (Gypsonictopsidae)
Gypsonictops hypoconus⁵³⁵⁵³⁶	Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming	Hell Creek Formation; Lance Formation	35 Exemplare	Leptictida (Gypsonictopsidae)
Gypsonictops illuminatus⁵³⁷	Montana, North Dakota	Hell Creek Formation	27 Exemplare	Leptictida (Gypsonictopsidae)
Gypsonictops sp.⁵³⁸	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	—	Leptictida (Gypsonictopsidae)
Paranyctoides sp.⁵³⁹	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	7 Exemplare	Spitzmausartige (Nyctitheriidae); Zuordnung unsicher, gehört wahrscheinlich zu Alostera.
Protungulatum coombsi⁵⁴⁰	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	1 Exemplar	Huftiere (Protungulatidae)
Purgatorius ceratops⁵⁴¹⁵⁴²	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	11 Exemplare	Panprimates (Purgatoriidae)
Scollardius propalaeoryctes⁵⁴³	Montana	Hell Creek Formation	3 Exemplare	Cimolestidae

Spurenfossilien:

Dinosaurier-Fußabdrücke aus der Hell Creek Formation sind äußerst selten. 2007 wurde ein möglicher Fußabdruck von Tyrannosaurus rexentdeckt, der ein Jahr später beschrieben wurde.⁵⁴⁴ 1997 wurde außerdem ein Abdruck eines mittelgroßen Fleischfressers entdeckt, der vielleicht von einem Tyrannosaurus-Jungtier oder möglicherweise einem Nanotyrannus hinterlassen wurde. Das Ichnofossil wurde als Wakinyantanka styxi beschrieben.⁵⁴⁵

Fossilbericht der Pilze, Polen und Pflanzen:

Den bei weitem größten Teil der Land-Biomasse machen Pilze und Pflanzen aus. Ein großer Teil davon ist noch nicht einmal sichtbar, weil er sich tief unter der Erdoberfläche verbirgt. Das grüne Reich des fruchtbaren Lebens erstreckt sich bis tief hinein ins Erdreich, wo es eine einzigartige Lebensgemeinschaft aus Pflanzen, Pilzen, Mikroorganismen, Wirbellosen und auch einigen kleinen Wirbeltieren bildet. Den umfassenden Fossilbericht der Paläobotanik aus der Hell Creek- und Lance Formation findest du in einem eigenen Artikel, da dieser hier sonst zu lang geworden wäre.

Diese schiere Anzahl der in Hell Creek und Lance gefundenen Fossilien verblüfft umso mehr, wenn man sich vor Augen führt, dass nur ein Bruchteil der urzeitlichen Lebewesen überhaupt die Chance bekam, als Fossil überliefert zu werden. Und immer noch und immer wieder werden neue Arten aus diesen Lagerstätten beschrieben! Trotz des umfangreichen Fossilberichts ist uns das wahre Ausmaß der dortigen Artenvielfalt also noch gar nicht bekannt, und wir uns wahrscheinlich leider auch niemals bekannt sein.

Wir haben zum Beispiel nur sehr wenige Arthropoden (Gliederfüßer) aus diesen Lagerstätten beschrieben. Heute bilden Insekten den größten Teil der Artenvielfalt eines Ökosystems ab. Da Hell Creek und Lance in einem sehr wasserreichen Lebensraum entstanden, überrascht es, dass wir sowohl von ihnen als auch von den wahrscheinlich zahlreichen Krebstieren noch kaum etwas wissen. Weiter landeinwärts gab es offenbar ausgedehnte Waldgebiete. Aber außer Kohle finden sich dort ebenfalls kaum Fossilien von Tieren. Viele von ihnen, vielleicht auch einige Spezies von Dinosauriern, die in diesen Wäldern lebten, sind also wahrscheinlich nicht bis heute als Fossil erhalten geblieben, sodass wir nie von ihnen erfahren werden.

Zwar werden etliche Nachbildungen und sogar einige Originalfossilien von Lebewesen aus Hell Creek und Lance weltweit, sogar bei uns in Deutschland in allen größeren Museen gezeigt. Die größte Sammlung von Fossilien aus beiden Formationen wird jedoch im Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman (Montana) aufbewahrt und ausgestellt. Die gezeigten Exemplare stammen aus dem Hell Creek Project, einer Initiative des Museums, der Montana State University, der University of Washington, der University of California in Berkeley, der University of North Dakota und der University of North Carolina, die bereits 1998 begann. 1966 wurde das Hell Creek Fossil Area vom National Park Service als National Natural Landmark ausgewiesen.⁵⁴⁶

Weitere Lagerstätten an den Gestaden des Binnenmeeres:

Hell Creek Formation

Lance Formation

Ferris Formation

Denver Formation

Laramie Formation

Cimarron Ridge Formation

Weitere Lagerstätten aus Mein traumhaftes Dinosaurier-Buch:

Hell Creek Formation – South Dakota (USA) vor 66 Ma

Prince Creek Formation – Alaska (USA) vor 69 Ma

Djadochta Formation – Mongolei vor 74 Ma

Niobrara Chalk Formation – Kansas vor 85 Ma

Bahariya Formation – Ägypten vor 100 Ma

Yixian Formation – Liaoning (China) vor 125 Ma

Altmühltal Formation – Bayern (Deutschland) vor 155 Ma

Posidonienschiefer – Baden-Württemberg (Deutschland) vor 180 Ma

Trossingen Formation – Baden Württemberg (Deutschland) vor 210 Ma

Chinle Formation – Arizona (USA) vor 225 Ma

Alle anderen Lagerstätten, die in meinen Büchern eine Rolle spielen, erreichst du über meine Interaktive Karte:

Quellenangaben:

1
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
2
Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Anomia gryphorhyncha, YPM IP 900432. Yale Peabody Museum, Invertebrate Paleontology Division. iDigBio.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation – Molluscs. Wikipedia, 21. Februar 2025.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. Professional Paper, U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 1–60.
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