Während der späten Kreidezeit durchzog ein riesiges Flachmeer den gesamten nordamerikanischen Kontinent, der Western Interior Seaway. Entlang der Gestade des Binnenmeeres erstreckte sich ein fruchtbarer, wasserreicher Lebensraum aus Sümpfen und Bruchwäldern, aber auch Farnebenen und Flussauen, die ideale Bedingungen für die Fossilerhaltung boten. Hier liegen einige der wohl bekanntesten Fossillagerstätten aus dem Maastrichtium der USA und auch die am intensivsten erforschten auf der ganzen Welt, mit den besten Einblicken ins Ökosystem des westlichen Nordamerikas während der letzten Jahrmillionen des Mesozoikums. Sie waren nicht nur die Heimat vieler der berühmtesten Dinosaurier, auch eine Vielzahl weiterer interessanter Lebewesen war hier zuhause.
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Geographie

Nicht zuletzt wegen ihrer vielen prominenten Bewohner, wie Tyrannosaurus rex, Triceratops oder Ankylosaurus, habe ich diese Gegend auch als Handlungsort für meine Buchreihe ausgewählt. In Die Weißen Steine gelangt eine Schulklasse auf mysteriösem Wege in die späte Kreidezeit. Genauer: ins Maastrichtium, wie die Forscher den allerletzten Abschnitt der Kreidezeit nennen. Die unfreiwillige Zeitreise verschlägt die Teenager und ihre Lehrer ins prähistorische Nordamerika. Sie landen auf dem Gebiet, das heute zum US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Wyoming gehört. Wir bereisen in meinen ersten beiden Büchern den amerikanischen Mittleren Westen, zwischen den Rocky Mountains und den endlosen Weiten der Prärie. Filmfans könnte diese Gegend bekannt vorkommen: denn sie ist uns auch aus zahlreichen Western-Filmen bekannt. Cowboys, Bisons und Indianer kommen in meinem Buch zwar nicht vor, doch auch in der Kreidezeit war dieses Gebiet bereits ein weites, gebrochenes Plateau, aus dem vereinzelte Bergkämme aufragten. Es lag damals jedoch an der Küste eines Binnenmeeres, sodass das Klima damals deutlich feuchter war als heute.
Die Lagerstätten dieser Region liegen heute aufgrund der Verschiebung der Kontinente geografisch mehrere hundert Kilometer südlich, als es noch während der Kreidezeit der Fall war. Ihr Zentrum lag damals etwa auf 55° nördlicher Breite und damit etwa auf der Höhe des heutigen Alberta (Kanada). Heute liegt es dagegen nur auf etwa 46° nördlicher Breite. Dies wirkte sich auch auf den Tag-Nacht-Zyklus im Jahresverlauf aus: im Winter schien die Sonne an den kürzesten Tagen weniger als 8 Stunden, an den längsten Sommertagen war es dagegen mehr als 17 Stunden durchgehend hell.
Noch wenige Jahrmillionen vor Beginn der Handlung von Die weißen Steine war fast die gesamte Gegend vollständig überflutet und Teil des Western Interior Seaway (WIS). Am Ende der Kreidezeit faltete sich jedoch das laramidische Gebirge immer weiter auf, und das Meer trat zurück. Nun gab es drei Meeresarme in Nordamerika. Die hier beschriebenen Lagerstätten lagen alle in unmittelbarer Nähe des größten noch verbliebenen Rests des WIS, am Pierre Seaway. Über den Isthmus von Dakota, eine neu entstandene Landbrücke im Norden der heutigen USA und im Süden Kanadas, breiteten sie sich zwischen der Hudson-See und dem Labrador Seaway nach Osten und dem Bearpaw-Seaway nach Norden hin aus.
Klima
Heute ist der mittlere Westen Nordamerikas eine Gegend mit kontinentalem Klima. Niederschläge sind dort selten, das Land ist eher trocken. Interessanterweise finden wir in den kreidezeitlichen Gesteinsschichten dieser Gegend aber vor allem die Sedimente aus Flusslandschaften. Sie muss damals also ein regen- und damit wasserreicher Lebensraum gewesen sein, also ganz anders ausgesehen haben als heute!
Reisen wir in die Zeit des Maastrichtiums, ist also vieles anders als heute. Im mittleren Westen, wo sich unserer Tage die Prärie als ein endloses Meer aus Gras erstreckt, gab es zu jener Zeit nämlich noch tatsächlich ein Meer! Durch seine Nähe zum Pierre Seaway herrschte hier vor 66 Millionen Jahren noch ein maritimes Klima vor. Über dem Meer verdunstete die subtropische Sonne tagein, tagaus ungeheure Wassermassen, die als Wolken durch den stetigen Südostwind aufs Festland getrieben wurden. An den Gebirgshängen im Landesinneren stauten sich die Wolken auf und es kam dort besonders während der Sommermonate zu starken Regenfällen. Das wissen wir durch Blattuntersuchungen der floralen Zone Hell Creek I: Eine Analyse ergab eine mittlere Jahrestemperatur von 11,3–11,6 °C, eine mittlere Temperatur des wärmsten Monats von 20,1–20,5 °C und eine mittlere Temperatur des kältesten Monats von 2,6 °C bei einem mittleren Jahresniederschlag von 191–197 Zentimetern.1Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)

Landschaft
Eine große Menge fossiler Blätter wurde an Dutzenden verschiedener Fundstellen entdeckt, was darauf hinweist, dass das Gebiet größtenteils bewaldet war. Ein weitverzweigtes Netz aus Flüssen entwässerte das Land und mündete in den Pierre Seaway. Einige der östlichsten Ablagerungen dieses Lebensraums entstanden daher auch in Küstensümpfen. Aus diesem Grund findet man hier nicht nur die Fossilien von an Land lebenden Dinosauriern, sondern auch die Überreste vieler Meerestiere.2Richardson, T. (2008). Spatial arrangements of fossil species at the Hell Creek Formation: Perspectives and conclusions. International Journal of Paleogeology, 12(24).3Lofgren, D. F. (1997). Hell Creek Formation. In Currie, P. J. & Padian, K. (Hg.), The encyclopedia of dinosaurs. Academic Press, 302–303.4Breithaupt, B. H. (1997). Lance Formation. In Currie, P. J. & Padian, K. (Hg.), The encyclopedia of dinosaurs. Academic Press, 394–395.5Eberth, D. A. (1997). Edmonton Group. In Currie, P. J. & Padian, K. (Hg.), The encyclopedia of dinosaurs. Academic Press, 199–204. Weiter im Westen wurde die Landschaft schließlich bergiger. Hier erhoben sich die Gipfel der laramidischen Gebirgskette in die Höhe, die heutigen Rocky Mountains. Am Ende der Kreidezeit waren viele dieser Berge auch noch aktive Vulkane.6Pierce, K. L. (1979). History and dynamics of glaciation in the northern Yellowstone National Park area. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 729-F, Washington, D. C., 1–90.7Doe, B. R. et al. (1979). Genesis of ore deposits in the San Juan volcanic field, southwestern Colorado; lead isotope evidence. Economic Geology, 74(1), 1–26. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.74.1.18Jones, D. L. (1990). Synopsis of late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic terrane accretion within the Cordillera of western North America. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 331(1620), 479–486. doi:10.1098/rsta.1990.00849Roberts, L. N. R. & Kirschbaum, M. A. (1995). Paleogeography of the Late Cretaceous of the Western Interior of middle North America: Coal distribution and sediment accumulation. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1561, 115. doi:10.3133/pp156110English, J. M. & Johnston, S. T. (2004). The Laramide Orogeny: What Were the Driving Forces? International Geology Review, 46(9), 833–838. doi:10.2747/0020-6814.46.9.833

Die Lancian Fauna
Die Tierfossilien, die entlang der Küstenlebensräume des zurückweichenden Binnenmeeres gefunden wurden, werden in der Fachliteratur als Lancian Fauna bezeichnet. Dieser Begriff beschreibt die Tiergemeinschaft, die im letzten Abschnitt der Oberkreide Nordamerikas gemeinsam lebte, also zwischen 70,6 und 66 Millionen Jahren kurz vor dem Einschlag des Chicxulub-Meteoriten. Damals ereigneten sich tiefgreifende ökologische Umbrüche, ausgelöst durch den Rückzug des Pierre Seaways und tektonische Hebungen der laramidischen Gebirgskette im Westen des Kontinents, der heutigen Rocky Mountains. Beides führte zu einem klimatischen Wandel, und gleichzeitig auch zu einem Wandel in der Tierwelt des prähistorischen Nordamerikas, die große Ähnlichkeit mit zeitgleichen Faunengemeinschaften Ostasiens hatte. Wahrscheinlich befanden sich zwischen beiden Lebensräumen gelegentlich Landbrücken, die den Tieren Wanderbewegungen erlaubten. Charakteristisch für diese Zeit ist aber vor allem ein starker Artenrückgang bei den Dinosauriern: Statt vieler spezialisierter Formen, wie sie noch im Campanium zu finden waren, dominierten nun bloß wenige, weit verbreitete Großpflanzenfresser die Tierwelt.11Lucas, S. G. (1991). Dinosaurs and Mesozoic biochronology. Modern Geology, 16, 127–138.12Lehman, T. M. (2001). Late Cretaceous dinosaur provinciality. In Tanke, D. H. & Carpenter, K. (Hg.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, 310–328.
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Viele Forscher gehen inzwischen davon aus, dass die laramidische Gebirgskette, aber auch die noch vorhandenen Meeresarme und vielleicht auch mächtige Flussläufe natürliche Barrieren darstellten, die das westliche Nordamerika in mindestens zwei große Ökosphären teilten. |
- Die nördliche Ökosphäre (blau) reichte von Colorado über den Osten Wyomings nach Ost-Montana, und über North und South Dakota bis ins kanadische British Columbia, Alberta und Saskatchewan. Hier prägten Horndinosaurier wie Triceratops und Entenschnabeldinosaurier wie Edmontosaurus die Ökosysteme als pflanzenfressende Schlüsselspezies.
- In der südlichen Ökosphäre (gelb) war wiederum der riesige Sauropode Alamosaurus der größte und dominante Pflanzenfresser. Hier trat außerdem auch der Riesenflugsaurier Quetzalcoatlus auf. Beide fehlen wiederum im Fossilbericht der nördlicheren Ökosysteme. Diese Ökosphäre erstreckte sich westlich vom Nordwesten Montanas über den Westen Wyomings und Utahs bis nach Nevada und Kalifornien, und reichte südlich nach Arizona, New Mexiko, Texas und in den mexikanischen Bundesstaat Sonora.
Insgesamt markiert die Lancian Fauna den letzten stabilen Zustand nordamerikanischer Dinosaurierökosysteme vor ihrem abrupten Aussterben am Ende der Kreidezeit.
Mit meinem Editor kannst du die Tiere dieses bemerkenswerten Lebensraums miteinander vergleichen!
Karte der Aufschlüsse

Karte mit den Aufschlüssen des marinen Pierre Shale und der Fox Hills Formation, sowie der lakustrinen Hell Creek– und Lance Formation aus der obersten Kreidezeit, sowie der paläozänen Fort Union Formation, alle in den Williston- und Powder-River-Becken. Modifizierte Karte nach Hartman (2002), aus dem als gemeinfrei gekennzeichneten Paper von Denver Fowler (2020). Dort heruntergeladen am 18.10.2025.13Fowler, D. (2020). The Hell Creek Formation, Montana: A Stratigraphic Review and Revision Based on a Sequence Stratigraphic Approach. Geosciences, 10(11), 435. doi:10.3390/geosciences1011043514Broad, W. J. & Chang, K. (2019). Fossil site reveals day that meteor hit Earth and, maybe, wiped out dinosaurs. The New York Times. Abgerufen am 1. April 2019.
Marine Fazies
Sowohl aus der Hell Creek– als auch aus der Lance Formation sind auch marine Fazies bekannt, also Meeresablagerungen, wie etwa das Breien Member. Da es nicht die typische Fauna von Landlebewesen enthält, sondern vor allem marine Wirbellose, werden diese Abschnitte heute oft auch zum marinen Pierre Shale oder der Fox Hills Formation gezählt. Das jüngere Cannonball Marine Member, in manchen Quellen auch als Cannonball Formation klassifiziert, stammt dagegen wohl bereits aus dem frühesten Paläozän und damit der Zeit nach dem Massenaussterben am Ende der Kreidezeit, obwohl es historisch als Teil der Lance Formation geführt wurde.15Stanton, T. W. (1920). The fauna of the Cannonball marine member of the Lance formation. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 128, 1–60. Die Frage, ob die Hell Creek-, Lance und Ferris Formation wirklich nur reine lakustrine Lagerstätten waren, oder man auch die marinen Schichtenfolgen doch noch dazu zählen sollte, ist schwer zu beantworten. Das Meer ist schließlich nicht einheitlich und linear zurückgewichen, sodass die einst marinen Sedimente nicht einfach von terrestrischen überlagert wurden. Oft ist es nämlich genau umgekehrt: Das Meer kehrte nach einer ersten Verlandung manchmal wieder zurück und hinterließ über älteren Teilen des Lebensraums von Tyrannosaurus und Triceratops erneut Meeresablagerungen! Die Küstenverläufe veränderten sich während des Maastrichtiums mehrfach und in verschiedene Richtungen. Schon eine einzige Sturmflut konnte die Stratigraphie einer bestimmten Region über Jahrtausende hinweg neu prägen. Und so ist das Zurückweichen des Pierre Seaways nicht als konsequentes Ereignis zu verfolgen, sondern allenfalls als Trend. Aus diesem Grund kann man sowohl die Hell Creek– und Lance Formation als auch die Ferris Formation zumindest teilweise sowohl als Land- als auch als Meereslagerstätten einordnen. In jedem Fall erlaubt der Blick auf die späteren marinen Fazies Rückschlüsse auf die Meereswelt am Ende der Kreidezeit, besonders, welche Spezies die gewaltigen Naturkatastrophen nach dem Chicxulub-Einschlag überlebten und welche danach neu auftraten.

Belege fürs Massenaussterben
Umfangreiche Grabungen in der oberen Hell Creek Formation von North Dakota erbrachten über 10.000 Wirbeltierfossilien. Sie zeigen auch, dass die Artenvielfalt bis unmittelbar vor die Kreide-Paläogen-Grenze stabil blieb. Dies schließt einen allmählichen Rückgang der Wirbeltierdiversität aus und legt nahe, dass das Aussterben am Ende der Kreidezeit sehr plötzlich erfolgte.16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.14517Lofgren, D. L. (1995). The Bug Creek problem and the Cretaceous–Tertiary transition at McGuire Creek, Montana. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 140, 1–204.
Vorherige Studien auf Basis hochauflösender Profile entlang der Kreide-Paläogen-Grenze waren noch zu einem anderen Ergebnis gekommen. Sie konnten keine Sedimentabfolgen nachweisen, die kurzzeitige, biologisch katastrophale Aussterbeereignisse mit einer Dauer unter 100.000 Jahren eindeutig dokumentieren könnten. Damit erschien ein plötzlicher, global synchroner Nachweis für ein Massenaussterben in den geologischen Aufschlüssen methodisch sehr fraglich.18Dingus, L. (1983). A stratigraphic review and analysis of selected sections spanning the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary (Dissertation). University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.19Dingus, L. (1984). Effects of stratigraphic completeness on interpretations of extinction rates across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Paleobiology, 10(4), 420–438. doi:10.1017/s0094837300008435Neue stratigraphische Analysen im Gebiet der Hell Creek Formation zeigen, dass die vermeintlichen „Übergangsfaunen“ der Bug-Creek-Schichten tatsächlich in paläozänen Kanälen auftreten, die in ältere Sedimente einschneiden. Damit erweist sich die Bug-Creek-Fauna als reworked und das kontinentale Fossilarchiv stimmt mit einem abrupten, katastrophalen Aussterben an der K–Pg-Grenze überein.20Smit, J. & van der Kaars, S. (1984). Terminal Cretaceous Extinctions in the Hell Creek Area, Montana: Compatible with Catastrophic Extinction. Science, 223(4641), 1177–1179. doi:10.1126/science.223.4641.1177 Hochauflösende ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar-Datierungen von Vulkanaschen in Montana kamen zum gleichen Ergebnis.21Sprain, C. J. et al. (2015). High-resolution chronostratigraphy of the terrestrial Cretaceous-Paleogene transition and recovery interval in the Hell Creek region, Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 127(3–4), 393–409. doi:10.1130/B31076.1

Besonders in der Hell Creek Formation kann man den Übergang von der Kreide zum Paläogen, dem darauffolgenden Zeitalter, selbst als Laie gut erkennen: Die sogenannte K-Pg-Grenze zeichnet sich in einer etwa 2cm dicken und schwarz gefärbten Linie in den Gesteinsschichten ab. Diese Linie entstand wahrscheinlich als direkte Folge eines gewaltigen Meteoriteneinschlages, welcher der Kreidezeit und der Herrschaft der Dinosaurier ein abruptes Ende setzte. Sie ist in gleichalten Ablagerungen auf der ganzen Welt zu sehen.22Hartman, J. H. (2002). Hell Creek Formation and the early picking of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the Williston Basin. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 1–7. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.1 Die Tanis-Fundstätte in North Dakota, die sich offenbar genau an jenem verhängnisvollen Tag bildete, als der Chicxulub-Meteorit auf der Erde einschlug, erlaubt spektakuläre Einblicke in den Hergang dieser Katastrophe.23DePalma, R. et al. (2017). Life after impact: A remarkable mammal burrow from the Chicxulub aftermath in the Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota. GSA Annual Meeting, Paper No. 113–16.24Smit, J. et al. (2017). Tanis, a mixed marine-continental event deposit at the KPG Boundary in North Dakota caused by a seiche triggered by seismic waves of the Chicxulub Impact. GSA Annual Meeting, Paper No. 113–15.25DePalma, R. A. et al. (2019). A seismically induced onshore surge deposit at the KPg boundary, North Dakota. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(17), 8190–8199. doi:10.1073/pnas.1817407116
Wie sich dieses beispiellose Ereignis am Schicksalstag der Dinosaurier zutrug, erfährst du in diesem Video, das ich in Zusammenarbeit mit Michael Kubi (Darwinator) erstellt habe. Viel Spaß!

Die Lagerstätten
Meine Rekonstruktion der Lebensräume an den Gestaden des Binnenmeeres basiert auf echten Erkenntnissen aus der paläontologischen Forschung. Um diese beeindruckende Welt wiederzuerschaffen, habe ich aus zahlreichen Studien zu folgenden Lagerstätten recherchiert. Klick dich gerne durch die einzelnen Beiträge, wenn du mehr über die wissenschaftlichen Hintergründe erfahren und auch einen virtuellen Spaziergang dort machen möchtest!
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Im nördlichen Westen der USA, genauer gesagt auf dem Gebiet der heutigen Bundesstaaten North Dakota, South Dakota und Montana, liegt die berühmte Hell Creek Formation. Es handelt sich um eine der ergiebigsten Lagerstätten der Welt, aus der viele absolute Dino-Superstars der späten Kreidezeit stammen. |
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Die Aufschlüsse aus dem späten Maastrichtium, die im Nordosten von Wyoming aufgeschlossen sind, werden der Lance Formation zugerechnet. Diese Lagerstätte lag einst in einem prähistorischen Küstengebiet. Von hier stammen einige der berühmtesten Dinosaurier der späten Kreidezeit, aber auch einige andere, weniger bekannte Kreaturen. |
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Vor 66 bis 63 MA lagerte sich im Süden von Wyoming die Ferris Formation ab. Sie enthält eine Vielzahl von Fossilien, die in sandigen Flussbettablagerungen und Überflutungseinheiten erhalten sind, darunter auch zahlreiche, wenn auch oft nur fragmentarisch erhaltene Dinosaurierüberreste. |
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An den Hängen des North Table Mountain in Colorado liegt die Denver Formation, die wertvolle Einblicke in die Umwelt und das Leben vor etwa 70 bis 60 Millionen Jahren bietet. Dies muss eine hoch dynamische Zeit gewesen sein, geprägt von Vulkanismus, Flusslandschaften und Alluvialkegeln, die durch die Entstehung der Rocky Mountains beeinflusst wurden. |
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Entlang des Denver-Beckens in Colorado sind die Schichten der Laramie Formation aufgeschlossen. Diese Lagerstätte ist in den Küstenebenen und Sümpfen entlang des Pierre Seaway entstanden und enthält reichhaltige Kohle- und Tonablagerungen sowie zahlreiche Fossilien von Pflanzen und Tieren aus der späten Kreidezeit. |
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Bei den Aufschlüssen der Cimarron Ridge Formation in Colorado handelt es sich vor allem um Erosionsreste mehrerer größerer Vulkane, die während der späten Kreidezeit aktiv waren. Die meisten Teile dieses Vulkankomplexes wurden während der frühen Tertiärzeit durch Erosion abgetragen. Fossilfunde von dort sind aber nur selten. |
Marine Lagerstätten des Pierre Seaway:
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Der Pierre Shale ist eines der größten „Archive“ des kreidezeitlichen Binnenmeeres Nordamerikas und entstand während des Campaniums und Maastrichtiums. Aufschlüsse befinden sich entlang der Great Plains und angrenzenden Gebieten in Kanada (Manitoba) und den USA (Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado und New Mexico). |
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Die Fox Hills Formation erlaubt interessante Einblicke in die Küstenwelt eines schwindenden Meeres: Ihre maastrichtischen Schluff- und Sandsteine entstanden am Rand des sich zurückziehenden Pierre Seaway im heutigen South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming und Colorado, wo sich offene Meeresräume in flache Schelfgebiete, Gezeitenmündungen und Deltalandschaften verwandelten. |
Alle diese Lagerstätten und viele weitere interessante Urzeit-Orte wie Museen und Freizeitparks findest du auf meiner interaktiven Karte!
WICHTIG: Diese Seite befindet sich in ständiger Überarbeitung. Neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse werden hier regelmäßig eingearbeitet, was allerdings manchmal etwas Zeit braucht. Du kannst aber gerne mithelfen: wenn du eine Anmerkung oder eine mir noch fehlende Information hast, oder auch einen Fehler findest, schreib mir bitte gern eine Nachricht über meine Social-Media-Kanäle.
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Vögel:

Wichtig: Aufgrund des oft nur sehr spärlich verhandenen Materials der allermeisten Vögel, das oft nur aus einzelnen Knochenfragmenten besteht, sind die Rekontruktionen der einzelnen Tiere und vor allem ihre Größe teils spekulativ.
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | „Enantiornithes A“26Chiappe, L. M. & Walker, C. A. (2002). Skeletal morphology and systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes). In Chiappe, L. M. & Witmer, L. M. (Hg.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, 240–267. | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Unbenannter Vertreter der Enantiornithes | |
| 2 | „Enantiornithes B“27Longrich, N. R., Tokaryk, T. & Field, D. J. (2011). Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37), 15253–15257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 66 Ma | Einzelfund | Unbenannter Vertreter der Enantiornithes | |
| 3 | „Ornithurine A“27Longrich, N. R., Tokaryk, T. & Field, D. J. (2011). Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37), 15253–15257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108 | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 66 Ma | selten | Unbenannter Ornithure; ähnelt Cimolopteryx |
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| 4 | „Ornithurine B“27Longrich, N. R., Tokaryk, T. & Field, D. J. (2011). Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37), 15253–15257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 66 Ma | Einzelfund | Unbenannter Ornithure; ähnelt Cimolopteryx |
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| 5 | „Ornithurine C“27Longrich, N. R., Tokaryk, T. & Field, D. J. (2011). Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37), 15253–15257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
66 Ma | häufig | Unbenannter Ornithure | |
| 6 | „Ornithurine D„27Longrich, N. R., Tokaryk, T. & Field, D. J. (2011). Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37), 15253–15257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
66 Ma | häufig | Unbenannter Ornithure; ähnelt Ichthyornis |
|
| 7 | „Ornithurine E“27Longrich, N. R., Tokaryk, T. & Field, D. J. (2011). Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37), 15253–15257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
66 Ma | häufig | Unbenannter Ornithure | |
| 8 | „Ornithurine F“27Longrich, N. R., Tokaryk, T. & Field, D. J. (2011). Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37), 15253–15257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108 | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 66 Ma | selten | Unbenannter Ornithure | |
| 9 | A. archibaldi28Brett-Surman, M. K. & Paul, G. S. (1985). A new family of bird-like dinosaurs linking Laurasia and Gondwanaland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 5(2), 133–138. doi:10.1080/02724634.1985.10011851 A. cf. archibaldi (?)27Longrich, N. R., Tokaryk, T. & Field, D. J. (2011). Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37), 15253–15257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108 A. darwini29Clark, A. D. et al. (2024). New enantiornithine diversity in the Hell Creek Formation and the functional morphology of the avisaurid tarsometatarsus. PLOS ONE, 19(10), e0310686. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310686 A. sp.29Clark, A. D. et al. (2024). New enantiornithine diversity in the Hell Creek Formation and the functional morphology of the avisaurid tarsometatarsus. PLOS ONE, 19(10), e0310686. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310686 |
Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Avisauridae | |
| 10 | B. baileyi30Martin, L. D., Kurochkin, E. N. & Tokaryk, T. T. (2012). A new evolutionary lineage of diving birds from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Palaeoworld, 21(1), 59–63. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2012.02.005 B. sp.31Martin, J. E. & Cordes-Person, A. (2007). A new species of the diving bird Baptornis (Ornithurae: Hesperornithiformes) from the lower Pierre Shale Group (Upper Cretaceous) of southwestern South Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 227–237. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(17)30Martin, L. D., Kurochkin, E. N. & Tokaryk, T. T. (2012). A new evolutionary lineage of diving birds from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Palaeoworld, 21(1), 59–63. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2012.02.005 |
Hell Creek Formation, Pierre Shale |
USA (South Dakota) | 82–66 Ma | selten | Brodavidae (Tauchvogel) | |
| 11 |
Ceramornis
|
C. major32Brodkorb, P. (1963). Birds from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming. Proceedings of the XIII International Ornithological Congress, 55–70. | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Cimolopterygidae (?) |
| 12 | C. rara32Brodkorb, P. (1963). Birds from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming. Proceedings of the XIII International Ornithological Congress, 55–70. | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Cimolopterygidae | |
| 13 |
Graculavus
|
G. augustus33Hope, S. (1999). A new species of Graculavus from the Cretaceous of Wyoming. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 89, 261–266. | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Ornithurae |
| 14 |
Lamarqueavis
|
L. minima32Brodkorb, P. (1963). Birds from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming. Proceedings of the XIII International Ornithological Congress, 55–70. L. petra34Hope, S. (2002). The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes. In Chiappe, L. M. & Witmer, L. M. (Hg.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, 339–388. |
Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Cimolopterygidae; L. minima: historisch als Cimolopteryx minima geführt; L. petra: historisch als Cimolopteryx petra geführt |
| 15 |
Lonchodytes
|
L. estesi32Brodkorb, P. (1963). Birds from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming. Proceedings of the XIII International Ornithological Congress, 55–70. | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Ornithurae |
| 16 |
Magnusavis
|
M. ekalakaensis29Clark, A. D. et al. (2024). New enantiornithine diversity in the Hell Creek Formation and the functional morphology of the avisaurid tarsometatarsus. PLOS ONE, 19(10), e0310686. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310686 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 66 Ma | Einzelfund | Avisauridae (?) |
| 17 | P. retusus35Shufeldt, R. W. (1915). Fossil birds in the Marsh Collection of Yale University. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 19, 1–110. | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Ornithuromorpha | |
| 18 |
Potamornis
|
P. skutchi36Elzanowski, A., Paul, G. S. & Stidham, T. A. (2001). An avian quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20(4), 712–719. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0712:AAQFTL]2.0.CO;2 | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Hesperornithes |
| 19 | „S. lofgreni„37Stidham, T. A. (2001). The origin and ecological diversification of modern birds: Evidence from the extinct wading ducks, Presbyornithidae (Neornithes: Anseriformes). Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 514 S. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Presbyornithidae (?) | |
| 20 |
Torotix
|
T. clemensi32Brodkorb, P. (1963). Birds from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming. Proceedings of the XIII International Ornithological Congress, 55–70. | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Ornithurae; möglicherweise mit Pelikanen verwandt |
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Aves indet.38Brownstein, C. D. (2024). A juvenile bird with possible crown-group affinities from a dinosaur-rich Cretaceous ecosystem in North America. BMC Ecology and Evolution, 24(1), 20. doi:10.1186/s12862-024-02210-934Hope, S. (2002). The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes. In Chiappe, L. M. & Witmer, L. M. (Hg.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, 339–388.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.1019140Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18) | Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Vögel | |
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Cimolopterygidae indet.32Brodkorb, P. (1963). Birds from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming. Proceedings of the XIII International Ornithological Congress, 55–70.41Archibald, J. D. & Clemens, W. A. (1984). Mammal evolution near the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary. In Berggren, W. A. & Van Couvering, J. A. (Hg.), Catastrophes and Earth History: The New Uniformitarianism. Princeton University Press, 339–372. | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Cimolopterygidae | |
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Gruimorphae indet.34Hope, S. (2002). The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes. In Chiappe, L. M. & Witmer, L. M. (Hg.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, 339–388. | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | unbestimmte Kranichartige | |
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Hesperornithes indet.27Longrich, N. R., Tokaryk, T. & Field, D. J. (2011). Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37), 15253–15257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Hesperornithes | |
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Phalacrocoracidae indet. (?)34Hope, S. (2002). The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes. In Chiappe, L. M. & Witmer, L. M. (Hg.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, 339–388. | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | unbestimmte Kormorane | |
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Presbyornithidae indet. (?)34Hope, S. (2002). The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes. In Chiappe, L. M. & Witmer, L. M. (Hg.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, 339–388. | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Presbyornithidae |
Aus der Hell Creek- und Lance Formation sind einige Vogelfossilien bekannt, die bereits gut untersucht wurden. Leider ist das Material aber so dürftig, dass sich eine genaue systematische Zuordnung oft schwierig erweist, weshalb die Autoren auch auf offizielle Benennungen verzichtet haben. Statt eines Namens sind diese Vögel als „Enantiornithes A & B“ sowie als „Ornithurae A-F“ bekannt. Es dürfte sich bei jedem um mindestens eine eigene Art handeln.26Chiappe, L. M. & Walker, C. A. (2002). Skeletal morphology and systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes). In Chiappe, L. M. & Witmer, L. M. (Hg.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, 240–267.27Longrich, N. R., Tokaryk, T. & Field, D. J. (2011). Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37), 15253–15257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108 Ein weiterer Vogel, der noch auf seinen Namen wartet, ist „Styginetta lofgreni“. Die Art wurde bislang nur in einer Doktorarbeit von Thomas A. Stidham im Jahr 2001 benannt, die jedoch nicht offiziell publiziert worden ist.37Stidham, T. A. (2001). The origin and ecological diversification of modern birds: Evidence from the extinct wading ducks, Presbyornithidae (Neornithes: Anseriformes). Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 514 S. Eine Zuordnung zu den Presbyornithidae und damit zu einer modernen Linie der Gänsevögel ist bislang noch nicht durch eine überprüfbare wissenschaftliche Beschreibung abgesichert, gilt jedoch als wahrscheinlich.
Brodavis ist auch aus dem Pierre Shale belegt, aber bislang nur in Schichten aus dem Campanium. Da die Gattung aber auch in anderen Lagerstätten aus dem späten Maastrichtium vorkam, ist ein Fortbestehen bis zur K-Pg-Grenze auch in allen Küstenregionen des Pierre Seaway sehr wahrscheinlich.31Martin, J. E. & Cordes-Person, A. (2007). A new species of the diving bird Baptornis (Ornithurae: Hesperornithiformes) from the lower Pierre Shale Group (Upper Cretaceous) of southwestern South Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 227–237. Hinweis: Die ursprünglich als Baptornis varneri beschriebene Art wurde später Brodavis zugeordnet. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(17)30Martin, L. D., Kurochkin, E. N. & Tokaryk, T. T. (2012). A new evolutionary lineage of diving birds from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Palaeoworld, 21(1), 59–63. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2012.02.005
Lamarqueavis petra und Lamarqueavis minima wurden historisch als Arten von Cimolopteryx geführt, waren aber wahrscheinlich selbstständige Arten, vielleicht auch unterschiedliche Gattungen.32Brodkorb, P. (1963). Birds from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming. Proceedings of the XIII International Ornithological Congress, 55–70.34Hope, S. (2002). The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes. In Chiappe, L. M. & Witmer, L. M. (Hg.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, 339–388.
Nichtvogel-Theropoden:

| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A. temertyorum42Evans, D. C., Larson, D. W. & Currie, P. J. (2013). A new dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) with Asian affinities from the latest Cretaceous of North America. Naturwissenschaften, 100(11), 1041–1049. doi:10.1007/s00114-013-1107-539Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Hell Creek Formation, Ferris Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Dromaeosauridae | |
| 2 | A. wyliei43Lamanna, M. C. et al. (2014). A New Large-Bodied Oviraptorosaurian Theropod Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America. PLOS ONE, 9(3), e92022. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092022 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota) |
68–66 Ma | selten | Caenagnathidae | |
| 3 | D. steini44DePalma, R. A. et al. (2015). The first giant raptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Hell Creek Formation. Paleontological Contributions, 14, 1–16. doi:10.17161/paleo.1808.1876439Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Hell Creek Formation, Ferris Formation |
USA (South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Dromaeosauridae; umstritten, vielleicht eine Chimäre |
|
| 4 |
Eoneophron
|
E. infernalis45Atkins-Weltman, K. L. et al. (2024). A new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the end-Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of North America. PLOS ONE, 19(1), e0294901. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294901 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 66 Ma | Einzelfund | Caenagnathidae |
| 5 |
Infernogallus
|
I. jamesi46Funston, G. F. et al. (2026). Fruit-eating adaptations in a Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Theropoda). Nature Communications. doi:10.1038/s41467-026-78343-w | Hell Creek Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 66 Ma | selten | Caenagnathidae |
| 6 | N. lancensis47Gilmore, C. W. (1946). A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 106, 1–19.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 N. lethaeus48Zanno, L. E. & Napoli, J. G. (2025). Nanotyrannus and Tyrannosaurus coexisted at the close of the Cretaceous. Nature, 648(8093), 357–367. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09801-6 |
Hell Creek Formation, Ferris Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Nanotyrannidae (Dryptosauridae?) |
|
| 7 |
Orcomimus
|
„O.“49Triebold, M. (1997). The Sandy site: Small dinosaurs from the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. In Wolberg, D. L., Stump, E. & Rosenberg, G. D. (Hg.), Dinofest International: Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by Arizona State University. Academy of Natural Sciences, 245–248. Online | Hell Creek Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Ornithomimidae (?); Nomen nudum, vielleicht synonym zu Ornithomimus |
| 8 | O. velox50Marsh, O. C. (1890). Description of new dinosaurian reptiles. American Journal of Science, 39, 81–86. | Denver Formation | USA (Colorado) | 66 Ma | selten | Ornithomimidae | |
| 9 | P. bakkeri51Carpenter, K. (1982). Baby dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Lance and Hell Creek formations and a description of a new species of theropod. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 20(2), 123–134.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Troodontidae | |
| 10 | S. sedens52Marsh, O. C. (1892). Notice of new reptiles from the Laramie Formation. American Journal of Science, s3–43(257), 449–453. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-43.257.44953Longrich, N. R. (2008). A new, large ornithomimid from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the study of dissociated dinosaur remains. Palaeontology, 51(4), 983–997. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00791.x39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Ornithomimidae | |
| 11 | T. prairiensis54Fowler, D. W. et al. (2020). Trierarchuncus prairiensis gen. et sp. nov., the last alvarezsaurid: Hell Creek Formation (uppermost Maastrichtian), Montana. Cretaceous Research, 116, 104560. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104560 T. sp.38Brownstein, C. D. (2024). A juvenile bird with possible crown-group affinities from a dinosaur-rich Cretaceous ecosystem in North America. BMC Ecology and Evolution, 24(1), 20. doi:10.1186/s12862-024-02210-9 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Alvarezsauridae | |
| 12 | T. rex55Osborn, H. F. (1905). Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 21(14), 259–265.56Lillegraven, J. A. & Eberle, J. J. (1999). Vertebrate faunal changes through Lancian and Puercan time in southern Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology, 73(4), 691–710. doi:10.1017/S002233600003251057Carpenter, K. & Young, D. B. (2002). Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 37(2), 237–254. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.237 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Denver Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Tyrannosauridae | |
| 13 |
Paronychodon
|
P. sp.58Marsh, O. C. (1889). Discovery of Cretaceous Mammalia. American Journal of Science, 38, 81–92.16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.14539Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Theropoda; Umstrittenes Zahntaxon. Vielleicht keine eigene Gattung. |
| 14 |
Richardoestesia
|
R. sp.59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.14539Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Theropoda; Umstrittenes Zahntaxon. Vielleicht keine eigene Gattung. |
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Caenagnathidae indet.60Benner, E. K. C., Cullen, T. M. & Evans, D. C. (2016). Morphological and histological analysis of a new large-bodied caenagnathid specimen (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Hell Creek Formation (Montana). Canadian Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17–18.61Dyke, G. J. & Mayr, G. (1999). Did parrots exist in the Cretaceous period? Nature, 399(6734), 317–318. doi:10.1038/20583 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Caenagnathidae | |
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Coelurosauria indet.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Ferris Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Coelurosauria | |
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Dromaeosauridae indet.40Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18) | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 75–68 Ma (?) | häufig | unbestimmte „Raptoren“ | |
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Microraptoria indet.38Brownstein, C. D. (2024). A juvenile bird with possible crown-group affinities from a dinosaur-rich Cretaceous ecosystem in North America. BMC Ecology and Evolution, 24(1), 20. doi:10.1186/s12862-024-02210-9 | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Microraptoria | |
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Ornithomimidae indet.59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.14562Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., Knoll, K. & Sertich, J. J. W. (2023). Non-avian theropod phalanges from the marine Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), western South Dakota, USA. PeerJ, 11, e14665. doi:10.7717/peerj.14665 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
75–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Ornithomimidae; unbstimmte „Straußdinosaurier“ |
|
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Theropoda indet.63Waage, K. M. (1968). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 1. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironments. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 27, 1–175. Online62Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., Knoll, K. & Sertich, J. J. W. (2023). Non-avian theropod phalanges from the marine Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), western South Dakota, USA. PeerJ, 11, e14665. doi:10.7717/peerj.14665 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Theropoden | |
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Tyrannosauridae indet.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.1019140Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18) | Ferris Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | unbestimmte Tyrannosauridae; unbestimmte Tyrannosaurier |
Die aus der marinen Fox Hills Formation bekannten Dinosaurier waren selbstverständlich keine Meeresbewohner. Ihre Überreste gelangten wahrscheinlich über Flüsse oder als im Wasser treibende Kadaver in die Küsten- und Schelfmeere, sanken dort auf den Meeresboden und wurden schließlich in den Sedimenten eingebettet.63Waage, K. M. (1968). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 1. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironments. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 27, 1–175. Online62Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., Knoll, K. & Sertich, J. J. W. (2023). Non-avian theropod phalanges from the marine Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), western South Dakota, USA. PeerJ, 11, e14665. doi:10.7717/peerj.14665
Aus der Hell Creek-, Lance– und Ferris Formation sind mehrere Zahnfunde bekannt, die möglicherweise zu Troodontiden gehören und in die „Mülleimer-Gattungen“ Paronychodon und Richardoestesia gesteckt wurden. Es könnte sich hierbei sehr wohl um eigene Arten handeln, die nicht zum etwas besser bekannten Pectinodon gehören.58Marsh, O. C. (1889). Discovery of Cretaceous Mammalia. American Journal of Science, 38, 81–92.16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.14539Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.1019159Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.14539Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191
Ein Spezialfall ist der riesige Dromaeosauride Dakotaraptor steini aus der Hell Creek Formation, der in Die Weißen Steine eine besonders wichtige Rolle spielt: es bestehen heute große Zweifel an seiner Existenz. Das ihm ursprünglich zugeschriebene Skelettmaterial erwies sich als Chimäre aus Überresten verschiedener Tiere: Die vermeintlichen Gabelbeine, darunter eines aus dem Holotypmaterial, sind tatsächlich Bauchpanzerknochen von Weichschildkröten.64Arbour, V. M. et al. (2016). The furculae of the dromaeosaurid dinosaur Dakotaraptor steini are trionychid turtle entoplastra. PeerJ, 4, e1691. doi:10.7717/peerj.1691 Auch die verbliebenen Dinosaurierknochen sind problematisch, weil sie aus einer Ansammlung mehrerer Tierarten stammen und einige Merkmale eher an Ornithomimosaurier oder Caenagnathiden erinnern.65Cau, A. (2024). A unified framework for predatory dinosaur macroevolution. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 63(1), 1–19. Belegstelle: S. 7. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2024.08
Aus der Hell Creek Formation stammt außerdem Material eines bislang unbeschriebenen Ornithomimosauriers, das vorläufig unter dem Nomen nudum „Orcomimus“ geführt wird. Ob es sich dabei tatsächlich um eine eigenständige Art oder lediglich um Material bereits bekannter Ornithomimiden handelt, muss noch geklärt werden.49Triebold, M. (1997). The Sandy site: Small dinosaurs from the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. In Wolberg, D. L., Stump, E. & Rosenberg, G. D. (Hg.), Dinofest International: Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by Arizona State University. Academy of Natural Sciences, 245–248. Online
Ebenfalls aus der Hell Creek Formation stammen die Überreste eines bislang unbeschriebenen, aber sehr großen Oviraptorosauriers, der möglicherweise deutlich größer als Anzu war und vielleicht sogar an den asiatischen Gigantoraptor heranreichte.60Benner, E. K. C., Cullen, T. M. & Evans, D. C. (2016). Morphological and histological analysis of a new large-bodied caenagnathid specimen (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Hell Creek Formation (Montana). Canadian Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17–18. Außerdem ist auch ein sehr kleiner partieller Kiefer eines Oviraptorosauriers aus der Lance Formation bekannt, der ursprünglich für den Schnabel eines Papageien gehalten wurde.61Dyke, G. J. & Mayr, G. (1999). Did parrots exist in the Cretaceous period? Nature, 399(6734), 317–318. doi:10.1038/20583
Möglicherweise stammt aus der Hell Creek Formation auch der bislang jüngste Nachweis für einen Microraptoriden. Das Material könnte jedoch auch zu den Halszkaraptorinae oder einem kleinen Vertreter der Unenlagiinae gehören.38Brownstein, C. D. (2024). A juvenile bird with possible crown-group affinities from a dinosaur-rich Cretaceous ecosystem in North America. BMC Ecology and Evolution, 24(1), 20. doi:10.1186/s12862-024-02210-9
Die Holotypen bzw. Referenzexemplare von Nanotyrannus lancensis („Bloody Mary“) und Nanotyrannus lethaeus („Jane“) sind 2026 von Sancarlo & Paul neu benannt worden, als Larsonvenator elegans und Gilmoretyrannus lethaeus. Die Autoren halten zwar trotzdem an der Gültigkeit der beiden Nanotyrannus-Arten fest, vertreten aber die Meinung, dass im Lebensraum der Gestade des Binnenmeeres (Tyrannosaurus–Triceratops-Zone) mindestens sieben Tyrannosauriden-Arten (und fünf Gattungen) gemeinsam lebten. Tyrannosaurus selbst unterteilen sie in T. rex, T. regina und T. imperator. Außerdem sei auch Stygivenator molnari eine weitere gültige Art.66Sancarlo, F. & Paul, G. S. (2026). The taxonomics of the diverse, lithe basal eutyrannosaur genera and species of late Maastrichtian western North America. bioRxiv. doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693447 Diese Studie ist aber heftig umstritten. Es steht auch zur Debatte, ob Stygivenator und Nanotyrannus lethaeus Jungtiere von Tyrannosaurus sind.
Ornithischia:

| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A. magniventris67Brown, B. (1908). The Ankylosauridae, a new family of armored dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 24, 187–201.51Carpenter, K. (1982). Baby dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Lance and Hell Creek formations and a description of a new species of theropod. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 20(2), 123–134. | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Ankylosauridae | |
| 2 |
Denversaurus
|
D. schlessmani68Carpenter, K. & Breithaupt, B. (1986). Latest Cretaceous occurrence of nodosaurid ankylosaurs (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) in Western North America and the gradual extinction of the dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 6(3), 251–257. doi:10.1080/02724634.1986.1001161969Carpenter, K. et al. (2013). Pelvis of Gargoyleosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) and the Origin and Evolution of the Ankylosaur Pelvis. PLOS ONE, 8(11), e79887. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079887 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Nodosauridae |
| 3 | D. hogwartsia70Bakker, R. T. et al. (2006). Dracorex hogwartsia n. gen., n. sp., a spiked, flat-headed pachycephalosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 35, 331–345. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 67 Ma | selten | Pachycephalosauridae; wahrscheinlich synonym zu Pachycephalosaurus (Jungtier?) |
|
| 4 | E. annectens71Cope, E. D. (1883). On the characters of the skull in the Hadrosauridae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 35, 97–107.52Marsh, O. C. (1892). Notice of new reptiles from the Laramie Formation. American Journal of Science, s3–43(257), 449–453. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-43.257.44939Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Hadrosauridae (Entenschnabeldinosaurier) | |
| 5 | L. gracilis72Ott, C. J. (2007). Cranial anatomy and biogeography of the first Leptoceratops gracilis specimens from the Hell Creek Formation, southeast Montana. In Carpenter, K. (Hg.), Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, 129–145.73Ostrom, J. H. (1978). Leptoceratops gracilis from the “Lance” Formation of Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology, 52(3), 697–704. | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Leptoceratopsidae | |
| 6 | N. hatcheri74Hatcher, J. B. (1905). Two new Ceratopsia from the Laramie of Converse County, Wyoming. American Journal of Science, s4–20(120), 413–419. doi:10.2475/ajs.s4-20.120.413 | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Ceratopsidae (Ceratopsier); umstritten, wahrscheinlich synonym zu Triceratops (Jungtier?) |
|
| 7 | P. wyomingensis75Galton, P. M. & Sues, H.-D. (1983). New data on pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20(3), 462–472. doi:10.1139/e83-04376Gilmore, C. W. (1931). A new species of troödont dinosaur from the Lance formation of Wyoming. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 79(2875), 1–6. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.79-2875.1 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Pachycephalosauridae | |
| 8 |
Platytholus
|
P. clemensi77Horner, J. R., Goodwin, M. B. & Evans, D. C. (2023). A new pachycephalosaurid from the Hell Creek Formation, Garfield County, Montana, U. S. A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 42(4), e2190369. doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2190369 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68 Ma | Einzelfund | Pachycephalosauridae |
| 9 | S. buchholtzae78Williamson, T. E. & Carr, T. D. (2002). A new genus of derived pachycephalosaurian from western North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(4), 779–801. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0779:ANGODP]2.0.CO;2 S. triregnum79Woodruff, D. C., Schott, R. K. & Evans, D. C. (2023). Two new species of small‐bodied pachycephalosaurine (Dinosauria, Marginocephalia) from the uppermost Cretaceous of North America suggest hidden diversity in well‐sampled formations. Papers in Palaeontology, 9(6), e1535. doi:10.1002/spp2.1535 |
Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Pachycephalosauridae | |
| 10 | S. spinifer75Galton, P. M. & Sues, H.-D. (1983). New data on pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20(3), 462–472. doi:10.1139/e83-04380Wroblewski, A. F. J. (2024). Southernmost record of the pachycephalosaurine Stygimoloch spinifer and palaeobiogeography of latest Cretaceous North American dinosaurs. Lethaia, 57(4), 1–10. doi:10.18261/let.57.4.7 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Pachycephalosauridae; umstritten, vielleicht synonym zu Pachycephalosaurus (Geschlechtsmorph?) oder jüngere Chronospezies |
|
| 11 | T. sacrisonorum81Ott, C. J. & Larson, P. L. (2010). A new, small ceratopsian dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, northwest South Dakota, United States – a preliminary description. In Ryan, M. J., Chinnery-Allgeier, B. J. & Eberth, D. A. (Hg.), New perspectives on horned dinosaurs – the Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, 203–218. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Ceratopsidae (Ceratopsier); umstritten, wahrscheinlich synonym zu Triceratops |
|
| 12 | T. garbanii82Morris, W. J. (1976). Hypsilophodont dinosaurs: A new species and comments on their systematics. In Churcher, C. S. (Hg.), Athlon: Essays on Palaeontology in Honour of Loris Shano Russell. Royal Ontario Museum, 93–113. T. neglectus83Galton, P. M. (1974). Notes on Thescelosaurus, a conservative ornithopod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, with comments on ornithopod classification. Journal of Paleontology, 48(5), 1048–1067.84Gilmore, C. W. (1913). A new dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Wyoming. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 61(5), 1–5. T. sp.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.1019185Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49. |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Thescelosauridae | |
| 13 | T. latus86Colbert, E. H. & Bump, J. D. (1947). A skull of Torosaurus from South Dakota and a revision of the genus. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 99, 93–106.87Marsh, O. C. (1891). Notice of new vertebrate fossils. American Journal of Science, s3–42(249), 265–269. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-42.249.265 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Ceratopsidae (Ceratopsier); umstritten, vielleicht synonym zu Triceratops (Geschlechtsmorph?) |
|
| 14 | T. horridus88Scannella, J. B. et al. (2014). Evolutionary trends in Triceratops from the Hell Creek Formation, Montana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(28), 10245–10250. doi:10.1073/pnas.131333411189Marsh, O. C. (1889). Notice of new American Dinosauria. American Journal of Science, s3–37(220), 331–336. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-37.220.33157Carpenter, K. & Young, D. B. (2002). Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 37(2), 237–254. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.237 T. prorsus90Scannella, J. B. & Fowler, D. W. (2009). Anagenesis in Triceratops – evidence from a newly resolved stratigraphic framework for the Hell Creek Formation. 9th North American Paleontological Convention Abstracts. Cincinnati Museum Center Scientific Contributions, 3, 148–149.91Marsh, O. C. (1890). Additional characters of the Ceratopsidae, with notice of new Cretaceous dinosaurs. American Journal of Science, s3–39(233), 418–426. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-39.233.418 T. sp.57Carpenter, K. & Young, D. B. (2002). Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 37(2), 237–254. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.237 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Denver Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Ceratopsidae (Ceratopsier) | |
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Ankylosauridae indet.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Ferris Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Ankylosauridae | |
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Ceratopsidae indet.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.1019163Waage, K. M. (1968). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 1. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironments. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 27, 1–175. Online62Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., Knoll, K. & Sertich, J. J. W. (2023). Non-avian theropod phalanges from the marine Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), western South Dakota, USA. PeerJ, 11, e14665. doi:10.7717/peerj.14665 | Fox Hills Formation, Ferris Formtion |
USA (South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | selten | Ceratopsidae (Horndinosaurier) | |
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Hadrosauridae indet.57Carpenter, K. & Young, D. B. (2002). Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 37(2), 237–254. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.23785Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49.92Carpenter, K. (2006). Comparative vertebrate taphonomy of the Pembina and Sharon Springs members (Middle Campanian) of the Pierre Shale, Western Interior. Paludicola, 5(4), 125–149. Online63Waage, K. M. (1968). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 1. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironments. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 27, 1–175. Online62Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., Knoll, K. & Sertich, J. J. W. (2023). Non-avian theropod phalanges from the marine Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), western South Dakota, USA. PeerJ, 11, e14665. doi:10.7717/peerj.14665 | Denver Formation, Laramie Formation, Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
81–66 Ma | sehr häufig | unbestimmte „Entenschnabeldinosaurier“ | |
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Nodosauridae indet.68Carpenter, K. & Breithaupt, B. (1986). Latest Cretaceous occurrence of nodosaurid ankylosaurs (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) in Western North America and the gradual extinction of the dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 6(3), 251–257. doi:10.1080/02724634.1986.1001161939Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.1019157Carpenter, K. & Young, D. B. (2002). Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 37(2), 237–254. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.237 | Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Denver Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Nodosauridae | |
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Pachycephalosauridae indet.57Carpenter, K. & Young, D. B. (2002). Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 37(2), 237–254. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.237 | Denver Formation | USA (Colorado) | 66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Pachycephalosauridae |
Die aus den marinen Lagerstätten bekannten Dinosaurier waren selbstverständlich keine Meeresbewohner. Ihre Überreste gelangten wahrscheinlich über Flüsse oder als im Wasser treibende Kadaver in die Küsten- und Schelfmeere, sanken dort auf den Meeresboden und wurden schließlich in den Sedimenten eingebettet. An einigen Dinosaurierknochen aus marinen Ablagerungen finden sich sogar Fraßspuren von Haien, die sich an den Kadavern labten, bevor diese vollständig vom Sediment bedeckt wurden. Der unbestimmte Hadrosaurier UCM 55033 aus dem campanischen Sharon Springs Member des Pierre Shale wird beispielsweise als ein solcher ins Meer verdrifteter Kadaver interpretiert: Sein hinterer Körperabschnitt trennte sich ab und sank auf den Meeresboden.92Carpenter, K. (2006). Comparative vertebrate taphonomy of the Pembina and Sharon Springs members (Middle Campanian) of the Pierre Shale, Western Interior. Paludicola, 5(4), 125–149. Online
Bei einigen Pachycephalosauriern, nämlich bei Dracorex und Stygimoloch, könnte es sich nicht um eigene Gattungen, sondern um Wachstumsstadien von Pachycephalosaurus handeln.93Horner, J. R. & Goodwin, M. B. (2009). Extreme Cranial Ontogeny in the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Pachycephalosaurus. PLOS ONE, 4(10), e7626. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007626 Denkbar ist auch, dass es sich bei Stygimoloch um eine jüngere Chronospezies, also einen direkten Nachfahren von Pachycephalosaurus handelt, denn er kam nur in den obersten Schichten seiner kreidezeitlichen Lagerstätten vor.94Fowler, D. W. (2017). Revised geochronology, correlation, and dinosaur stratigraphic ranges of the Santonian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) formations of the Western Interior of North America. PLOS ONE, 12(11), e0188426. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.018842695Evans, D. et al. (2021). Description and revised diagnosis of Asia’s first recorded pachycephalosaurid, Sinocephale bexelli gen. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 58(10), 981–992. doi:10.1139/cjes-2020-0190
Ähnliches gilt auch für die Gattungen Nedoceratops und Tatankaceratops, die mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit jüngere Wachstumsstadien von Triceratops darstellen.96Mateus, O. (2008). Two ornithischian dinosaurs renamed: Microceratops Bohlin 1953 and Diceratops Lull 1905. Journal of Paleontology, 82(2), 423–423. doi:10.1666/07-069.197Scannella, J. B. & Horner, J. R. (2010). Torosaurus Marsh, 1891, is Triceratops Marsh, 1889 (Ceratopsidae: Chasmosaurinae): synonymy through ontogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(4), 1157–1168. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.48363298Farke, A. A. (2011). Anatomy and Taxonomic Status of the Chasmosaurine Ceratopsid Nedoceratops hatcheri from the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming, U. S. A. PLOS ONE, 6(1), e16196. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.001619681Ott, C. J. & Larson, P. L. (2010). A new, small ceratopsian dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, northwest South Dakota, United States – a preliminary description. In Ryan, M. J., Chinnery-Allgeier, B. J. & Eberth, D. A. (Hg.), New perspectives on horned dinosaurs – the Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, 203–218.99Longrich, N. R. (2011). Titanoceratops ouranos, a giant horned dinosaur from the late Campanian of New Mexico. Cretaceous Research, 32(3), 264–276. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007100Holtz, T. R. Jr. (2011). Dinosaurs – the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages, Winter 2010 appendix.101Canoy Illies, M. M. & Fowler, D. W. (2020). Triceratops with a kink: Co-ossification of five distal caudal vertebrae from the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota. Cretaceous Research, 108, 104355. Online97Scannella, J. B. & Horner, J. R. (2010). Torosaurus Marsh, 1891, is Triceratops Marsh, 1889 (Ceratopsidae: Chasmosaurinae): synonymy through ontogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(4), 1157–1168. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.483632 Auch Torosaurus könnte nach Auffassung einiger Wissenschaftler ein Synonym von Triceratops sein. Es gilt inzwischen aber als wahrscheinlicher, dass er eine eigene Gattung repräsentiert.102Longrich, N. R. & Field, D. J. (2012). Torosaurus Is Not Triceratops: Ontogeny in Chasmosaurine Ceratopsids as a Case Study in Dinosaur Taxonomy. PLOS ONE, 7(2), e32623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032623103Mallon, J. C. et al. (2022). The record of Torosaurus (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) in Canada and its taxonomic implications. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 195(1), 157–171. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab120 Triceratops prorsus ist wahrscheinlich eine jüngere Chronospezies von Triceratops horridus, also dessen direkter Nachfahre.90Scannella, J. B. & Fowler, D. W. (2009). Anagenesis in Triceratops – evidence from a newly resolved stratigraphic framework for the Hell Creek Formation. 9th North American Paleontological Convention Abstracts. Cincinnati Museum Center Scientific Contributions, 3, 148–149.104Mallon, J. C. et al. (2025). The Canadian fossil record supports anagenesis in Triceratops (Ornithischia, Ceratopsia). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 62(7), 1222–1236. doi:10.1139/cjes-2024-0170
Pterosaurier:

| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I. hastacollis105Thomas, H. N. et al. (2024). Infernodrakon hastacollis gen. et sp. nov., a new azhdarchid pterosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, and the pterosaur diversity of Maastrichtian North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 44(4), e2442476. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2442476106Henderson, M. D. & Peterson, J. E. (2006). An azhdarchid pterosaur cervical vertebra from the Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian) of southeastern Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26(1), 192–195. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[192:AAPCVF]2.0.CO;2 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Azhdarchidae | |
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Azhdarchoidea indet.107Darling, C. J. & McLain, M. (2022). Peculiar fossil in Lance Formation (Cretaceous) bonebed in Wyoming determined to belong to a pterosaur. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 54(5). doi:10.1130/abs/2022AM-379940108Darling, C. J. et al. (2024). New azhdarchoid (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) remains from the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian), Wyoming. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 56(5). doi:10.1130/abs/2024AM-401275 | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Azhdarchoidea | |
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Pterosauria indet.109Longrich, N. R., Martill, D. M. & Andres, B. (2018). Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. PLOS Biology, 16(3), e2001663. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Flugsaurier |
Funde von Pterosauriern sind ausgesprochen selten im Fossilbericht des späten Maastrichtiums von Nordamerika, was verblüfft, da Flugsaurier insbesondere in küstennahen oder auch marinen Formationen des Mesozoikums sonst eigentlich sehr häufig sind. Einige Autoren interpretierten diesen Befund als Zeichen dafür, dass die Flugsaurier bereits vor dem kreidezeitlichen Massenaussterben im Niedergang begriffen waren und den Luftraum mehr und mehr an die Vögel verloren.110Penny, D. & Phillips, M. J. (2004). The rise of birds and mammals: are microevolutionary processes sufficient for macroevolution? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19(10), 516–522. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.015111Benson, R. B. J. et al. (2014). Competition and constraint drove Cope’s rule in the evolution of giant flying reptiles. Nature Communications, 5(1), 3567. doi:10.1038/ncomms4567 Inzwischen ist aber eine ausgesprochen vielfältige Pterosaurierfauna aus dem späten Maastrichtium von Marokko mit mindestens sieben Arten aus drei Familien beschrieben worden, weshalb plausible Argumente gegen das Szenario eines kontinuierlichen Niedergangs unmittelbar vor der K/Pg-Grenze vorliegen. Pterosaurier waren bis zum Chicxulub-Ereignis durchaus noch artenreich und ökologisch vielfältig.109Longrich, N. R., Martill, D. M. & Andres, B. (2018). Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. PLOS Biology, 16(3), e2001663. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663 Bereits zuvor war die These „Pterosaurier auf dem absteigenden Ast“ schon vorsichtig angegriffen worden: das spärliche Ausfallen des Fossilberichts hier könnte durch ungeeignete Fossilisationsbedingungen, also einen sogenannten Bias zu erklären sein.112Upchurch, P. et al. (2015). An analysis of pterosaurian biogeography: implications for the evolutionary history and fossil record quality of the first flying vertebrates. Historical Biology, 27(6), 697–717. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.939077113Butler, R. J. et al. (2012). How do geological sampling biases affect studies of morphological evolution in deep time? A case study of pterosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) disparity. Evolution, 66(1), 147–162. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01415.x Es ist somit sehr gut möglich, dass es auch an den Gestaden des Binnenmeeres viele Flugsaurier gab.
In der Beschreibung des marokkanischen Flugsauriers Thethydraco wird bislang unbeschriebenes Material eines vermutlichen Pteranodonten aus der Hell Creek Formation genannt, das wahrscheinlich in North Dakota gefunden wurde. Bislang wurde sich aber noch nicht näher mit diesem Fund befasst. Das Paper nennt auch keine Sammlungsnummer, oder woraus das Material überhaupt besteht. Ob es also wirklich einen Pteranodonten in Hell Creek gab, ist damit alles andere als stark belegt.109Longrich, N. R., Martill, D. M. & Andres, B. (2018). Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. PLOS Biology, 16(3), e2001663. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663
Krokodile:

| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | B. sternbergii114Brochu, C. A. (1997). A review of “Leidyosuchus” (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia) from the Cretaceous through Eocene of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17(4), 679–697. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011017115Rio, J. P. & Mannion, P. D. (2021). Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem. PeerJ, 9, e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094116Lessner, E. J., Petermann, H. & Lyson, T. R. (2025). First record of Borealosuchus sternbergii from the lower Paleocene Denver Formation (lower Danian), Colorado (Denver Basin). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 44(3), e2434214. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2434214 cf. sp. (?)39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.1019140Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18) B. sp. (?)114Brochu, C. A. (1997). A review of “Leidyosuchus” (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia) from the Cretaceous through Eocene of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17(4), 679–697. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011017115Rio, J. P. & Mannion, P. D. (2021). Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem. PeerJ, 9, e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Denver Formation, Laramie Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–63 Ma | sehr häufig | Borealosuchidae | |
| 2 | B. montana117Gilmore, C. W. (1911). A new fossil alligator from the Hell Creek beds of Montana. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 41(1860), 297–302. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.41-1860.297118Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M. & Hutchison, J. H. (1994). The Late Cretaceous alligatoroid Brachychampsa montana (Crocodylia): new material and putative relationships. American Museum Novitates, 3116, 1–26.119Snyder, K. et al. (2022). Vertebrate microfossils from the Hanson Bonebed, Lance Formation (Maastrichtian), Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs.85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49. | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–63 Ma | häufig | Alligatoroidea | |
| 3 |
Mandrasuchus
|
M. milleri120Lessner, E. J. et al. (2026). New alligatorid, Mandrasuchus milleri, from the Early Paleocene (Danian) of the Denver Basin supports earliest Paleocene North American alligatorid radiation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e2712566. doi:10.1080/02724634.2026.2712566 | Denver Formation | USA (Colorado) | 66–65 Ma | selten | Alligatoridae |
| 4 |
Navajosuchus
|
N. mooki39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Ferris Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 66–65 Ma | Einzelfund | Alligatoroidea |
| 5 |
Prodiplocynodon
|
P. langi121Mook, C. C. (1941). A new crocodilian from the Lance Formation. American Museum Novitates, 1128, 1–5.122Brochu, C. A. (2003). Phylogenetic Approaches Toward Crocodylian History. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 31(1), 357–397. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308115Rio, J. P. & Mannion, P. D. (2021). Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem. PeerJ, 9, e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094 | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Crocodyloidea |
| 6 | T. neocesariensis123Spamer, E. E., Daeschler, E. & Vostreys-Shapiro, L. G. (1995). A study of fossil vertebrate types in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: taxonomic, systematic, and historical perspectives. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Special Publication, 16, 1–434.115Rio, J. P. & Mannion, P. D. (2021). Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem. PeerJ, 9, e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 68–62 Ma | selten | Eusuchia | |
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Alligatoroidea indet.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Ferris Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 67–63 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Alligatoren | |
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Crocodylia indet.124During, M. A. D. et al. (2025). “King of the Riverside”, a multi-proxy approach offers a new perspective on mosasaurs before their extinction. BMC Zoology, 10(1), 25. doi:10.1186/s40850-025-00246-y | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | ca. 70–68 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Krokodile |
1.728 Zähne, Knochen und Osteoderme von Krokodilen stammen allein aus der Ferris Formation. Das Material wurde früher teilweise als Brachychampsa sp., Allognathosuchus sp. oder Eusuchia indet. bestimmt, doch ist die Klassifikation auf Basis dieses Materials zu unsicher.
Mandrasuchus milleri aus der Denver– und Navajosuchus mooki aus der Ferris Formation stammen aus Schichten, die dem untersten Paläozän zugeordnet werden. Diese beiden nur recht kleinen Krokodile stammen also aus der Zeit direkt nach dem kreidezeitlichen Massenaussterben und bezeugen die allmähliche Erholung der Ökosysteme nach der Katastrophe. Es ist möglich und auch wahrscheinlich, dass diese Krokodile bereits in der Kreidezeit lebten oder zumindest einen Vorfahren hatten, der damals schon lebte, weshalb sie hier mit aufgeführt sind.120Lessner, E. J. et al. (2026). New alligatorid, Mandrasuchus milleri, from the Early Paleocene (Danian) of the Denver Basin supports earliest Paleocene North American alligatorid radiation. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e2712566. doi:10.1080/02724634.2026.271256639Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191
Ein Exemplar von Thoracosaurus neocesariensis aus der Navesink Formation von New Jersey war ausgesprochen groß und könnte schätzungsweise 7–8 m lang geworden sein.125Brownstein, C. D. (2018). Trace fossils on dinosaur bones reveal ecosystem dynamics along the coast of eastern North America during the latest Cretaceous. PeerJ, 6, e4973. doi:10.7717/peerj.4973 Gelegentlich wird auch ein ähnlich großes, bislang unbeschriebenes Exemplar aus der Hell Creek Formation erwähnt, doch liegt hierfür gegenwärtig kein überprüfbarer wissenschaftlicher Beleg vor.
Choristodera:

| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | C. ambulator126Brown, B. (1905). The osteology of Champsosaurus Cope. American Museum of Natural History Memoir, 9, 1–26.127Katsura, Y. (2004). Sexual dimorphism in Champsosaurus (Diapsida, Choristodera). Lethaia, 37(3), 245–253. doi:10.1080/00241160410006447128Matsumoto, R. & Evans, S. E. (2010). Choristoderes and the freshwater assemblages of Laurasia. Journal of Iberian Geology, 36(2), 253–274. doi:10.5209/rev_JIGE.2010.v36.n2.11 C. laramiensis126Brown, B. (1905). The osteology of Champsosaurus Cope. American Museum of Natural History Memoir, 9, 1–26.127Katsura, Y. (2004). Sexual dimorphism in Champsosaurus (Diapsida, Choristodera). Lethaia, 37(3), 245–253. doi:10.1080/00241160410006447128Matsumoto, R. & Evans, S. E. (2010). Choristoderes and the freshwater assemblages of Laurasia. Journal of Iberian Geology, 36(2), 253–274. doi:10.5209/rev_JIGE.2010.v36.n2.1140Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18) C. sp.59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49.56Lillegraven, J. A. & Eberle, J. J. (1999). Vertebrate faunal changes through Lancian and Puercan time in southern Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology, 73(4), 691–710. doi:10.1017/S002233600003251039Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Laramie Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–56 Ma | häufig | Champsosauridae |
Aus der Ferris Formation sind mindestens 33 zugeordnete Skelettelemente von Champsosaurus bekannt, die allerdings nicht auf Artebene bestimmt sind.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 Bei Champsosaurus ambulator handelt es sich vielleicht um ein Synonym von Champsosaurus laramiensis, möglicherweise einen Geschlechtsmorph.
Land- und Süßwasserschildkröten:

WICHTIG: Von den meisten Schildkröten sind vor allem Überreste ihrer Panzer bekannt, die zwar Aufschlüsse über ihr mögliches Aussehen und ihre wahrscheinliche Größe geben. Oft sind sie aber auch nur sehr fragmentarisch überliefert, sodass man ohne spekulative Elemente bei der Rekonstruktion der meisten Arten kaum auskommt. Die hier abgebildeten Grafiken sind somit lediglich ein um Plausibiliät und Akkuratheit bemühter Rekontruktionsversuch.
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Adocus
|
A. sp.129Estes, R. & Berberian, P. (1970). Paleoecology of a late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana. Breviora, 343, 1–35.130Holroyd, P. A. & Hutchison, J. H. (2002). Patterns of geographic variation in latest Cretaceous vertebrates: evidence from the turtle component. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 177–190. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.17785Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49. | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
75–66 Ma | häufig | Adocidae (Halsberger-Schildkröte); Bestimmung unsicher |
| 2 | A. infernalis131Joyce, W. G., Brinkman, D. B. & Lyson, T. R. (2019). A new species of trionychid turtle, Axestemys infernalis sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek and Lance formations of the Northern Great Plains, USA. Palaeontologia Electronica, 22.3.72, 1–28. doi:10.26879/949 A. sp.132Hutchison, J. H. & Holroyd, P. A. (2003). Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene turtles of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 121–142. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.121 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Denver Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–64 Ma | häufig | Trionychidae (Weichschildkröte) | |
| 3 | B. sinuosa133Brinkman, D. B. (1998). The skull and neck of the Cretaceous turtle Basilemys and the interrelationships of the genus. Paludicola, 1(4), 150–157.56Lillegraven, J. A. & Eberle, J. J. (1999). Vertebrate faunal changes through Lancian and Puercan time in southern Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology, 73(4), 691–710. doi:10.1017/S002233600003251039Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 B. sp.85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49.132Hutchison, J. H. & Holroyd, P. A. (2003). Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene turtles of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 121–142. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.12140Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18) |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Laramie Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | häufig | Nanhsiungchelyidae (Landschildkröte); historisch auch als Adocus bestimmt |
|
| 4 |
Cedrobaena
|
C. putorius134Lyson, T. R. & Joyce, W. G. (2009). A revision of Plesiobaena (Testudines: Baenidae) and an assessment of baenid ecology across the K/T boundary. Journal of Paleontology, 83(6), 833–853. doi:10.1666/09-035.1135Gaffney, E. S. (1972). The systematics of the North American family Baenidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 147, 241–320. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
68–66 Ma | selten | Baenidae (Süßwasserschildkröte) |
| 5 |
Compsemys
|
C. victa129Estes, R. & Berberian, P. (1970). Paleoecology of a late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana. Breviora, 343, 1–35.56Lillegraven, J. A. & Eberle, J. J. (1999). Vertebrate faunal changes through Lancian and Puercan time in southern Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology, 73(4), 691–710. doi:10.1017/S002233600003251085Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49. C. sp.132Hutchison, J. H. & Holroyd, P. A. (2003). Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene turtles of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 121–142. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.121 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Denver Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–64 Ma | häufig | Compsemydidae (Süßwasserschildkröte) |
| 6 |
Denverus
|
D. middletoni132Hutchison, J. H. & Holroyd, P. A. (2003). Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene turtles of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 121–142. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.121136Lyson, T. R. et al. (2025). A new pan-chelydrid turtle, Tavachelydra stevensoni gen. et sp. nov., from the lower Paleocene (early Danian, Puercan) Corral Bluffs Study Area in the Denver Basin, Colorado. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 144, 46. doi:10.1186/s13358-025-00375-4 | Denver Formation | USA (Colorado) | 66–64 Ma | Einzelfund | Pan-Chelydridae (Schnappschildkröte) |
| 7 |
Emarginachelys
|
E. cretacea137Knauss, G. E. et al. (2011). A new kinosternoid from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota and Montana and the origin of the Dermatemys mawii lineage. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 85(2), 125–142. doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0081-x | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota, Montana) |
68–66 Ma | selten | Pan-Kinosternoidea |
| 8 |
Eubaena
|
E. cephalica135Gaffney, E. S. (1972). The systematics of the North American family Baenidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 147, 241–320.138Rollot, Y., Lyson, T. R. & Joyce, W. G. (2018). A Description of the Skull of Eubaena Cephalica (Hay, 1904) and New Insights into the Cranial Circulation and Innervation of Baenid Turtles. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 38(3), e1474886. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1474886 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Baenidae (Süßwasserschildkröte) |
| 9 |
Gamerabaena
|
G. sonsalla139Lyson, T. R. & Joyce, W. G. (2010). A new baenid turtle from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota and a preliminary taxonomic review of Cretaceous Baenidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 394–402. doi:10.1080/02724631003618389 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Baenidae (Süßwasserschildkröte) |
| 10 |
Gilmoremys
|
G. lancensis140Joyce, W. G. & Lyson, T. R. (2011). New material of Gilmoremys lancensis nov. comb. (Testudines: Trionychidae) from the Hell Creek Formation and the diagnosis of plastomenid turtles. Journal of Paleontology, 85(3), 442–459. doi:10.1666/10-127.1 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Trionychidae (Weichschildkröte) |
| 11 |
Helopanoplia
|
H. beecheri141Joyce, W. G., Girard, L. C. & Lyson, T. R. (2026). A reassessment of the latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) pan-trionychid turtle Helopanoplia beecheri comb. nov. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 145, 665–677. doi:10.3897/sjp.145.189487 H. sp.85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49.132Hutchison, J. H. & Holroyd, P. A. (2003). Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene turtles of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 121–142. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.121 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Trionychidae (Weichschildkröte) |
| 12 |
Hoplochelys
|
H. clark137Knauss, G. E. et al. (2011). A new kinosternoid from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota and Montana and the origin of the Dermatemys mawii lineage. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 85(2), 125–142. doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0081-x H. sp.132Hutchison, J. H. & Holroyd, P. A. (2003). Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene turtles of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 121–142. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.121 |
Hell Creek Formation, Denver Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Colorado) |
68–64 Ma | häufig | Kinosternidae (Schlammschildkröte) |
| 13 |
Hutchemys
|
H. walkerorum142Jasinski, S. E. et al. (2022). A softshell turtle (Testudines: Trionychidae: Plastomeninae) from the uppermost Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota, USA, with implications for the evolutionary relationships of plastomenines and other trionychids. Cretaceous Research, 135, 105172. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105172141Joyce, W. G., Girard, L. C. & Lyson, T. R. (2026). A reassessment of the latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) pan-trionychid turtle Helopanoplia beecheri comb. nov. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 145, 665–677. doi:10.3897/sjp.145.189487 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 66 Ma | Einzelfund | Trionychidae (Weichschildkröte) |
| 14 |
Judithemys
|
J. backmani130Holroyd, P. A. & Hutchison, J. H. (2002). Patterns of geographic variation in latest Cretaceous vertebrates: evidence from the turtle component. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 177–190. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.177143Brinkman, D. B. et al. (2010). New material of the turtle Judithemys sukhanovi from the Judith River Group of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 47, 63–72. | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Macrobaenidae (Süßwasserschildkröte); synonym zu Osteopygis backmani. Gattungszugehörigkeit umstritten. |
| 15 |
Neurankylus
|
N. sp.144Joyce, W. G. & Lyson, T. R. (2015). A Review of the Fossil Record of Turtles of the Clade Baenidae. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 56(2), 147–183. doi:10.3374/014.056.0203 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Baenidae (Süßwasserschildkröte); Bestimmung unsicher |
| 16 |
Palatobaena
|
P. cohen145Lyson, T. R. & Joyce, W. G. (2009). A new species of Palatobaena (Testudines: Baenidae) and a maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Baenidae. Journal of Paleontology, 83(3), 457–470. doi:10.1666/08-172.1 P. knellerorum146Lyson, T. R. et al. (2021). A new baenid turtle, Palatobaena knellerorum sp. nov., from the lower Paleocene (Danian) Denver Formation of south-central Colorado, U. S. A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 41(2), e1925558. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1925558 |
Hell Creek Formation, Denver Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, Colorado) |
68–64 Ma | häufig | Baenidae (Süßwasserschildkröte) |
| 17 |
Peckemys
|
P. brinkman134Lyson, T. R. & Joyce, W. G. (2009). A revision of Plesiobaena (Testudines: Baenidae) and an assessment of baenid ecology across the K/T boundary. Journal of Paleontology, 83(6), 833–853. doi:10.1666/09-035.1 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Baenidae (Süßwasserschildkröte); teilweise auch als Cedrobaena brinkman geführt |
| 18 |
Plastomenus
|
P. joycei147Lyson, T. R., Petermann, H. & Miller, I. M. (2021). A new plastomenid trionychid turtle, Plastomenus joycei, sp. nov., from the earliest Paleocene (Danian) Denver Formation of south-central Colorado, U. S. A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 41(1), e1913600. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1913600 | Denver Formation | USA (Colorado) | 66–64 Ma | Einzelfund | Trionychidae (Weichschildkröte) |
| 19 |
Plesiobaena
|
P. sp.85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49.132Hutchison, J. H. & Holroyd, P. A. (2003). Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene turtles of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 121–142. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.121 | Laramie Formation | USA (Colorado) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Baenidae (Süßwasserschildkröte); historisch als Plesiobaena antiqua geführt, wahrscheinlich eigene Art; Bestimmung unsicher |
| 20 |
Saxochelys
|
S. gilberti148Lyson, T. R., Sayler, J. L. & Joyce, W. G. (2019). A new baenid turtle, Saxochelys gilberti, gen. et sp. nov., from the uppermost Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation: Sexual dimorphism and spatial niche partitioning within the most speciose group of Late Cretaceous turtles. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 39(4), e1662428. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1662428 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
66 Ma | selten | Baenidae (Süßwasserschildkröte) |
| 21 |
Stygiochelys
|
S. estesi149Gaffney, E. S. (1971). A new baenid turtle from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana. American Museum Novitates, 2443, 1–9. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Baenidae (Süßwasserschildkröte) |
| 22 |
Tavachelydra
|
T. stevensoni136Lyson, T. R. et al. (2025). A new pan-chelydrid turtle, Tavachelydra stevensoni gen. et sp. nov., from the lower Paleocene (early Danian, Puercan) Corral Bluffs Study Area in the Denver Basin, Colorado. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 144, 46. doi:10.1186/s13358-025-00375-4 | Denver Formation | USA (Colorado) | 66–64 Ma | selten | Pan-Chelydridae (Schnappschildkröte) |
| 23 |
Thescelus
|
T. insiliens144Joyce, W. G. & Lyson, T. R. (2015). A Review of the Fossil Record of Turtles of the Clade Baenidae. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 56(2), 147–183. doi:10.3374/014.056.0203135Gaffney, E. S. (1972). The systematics of the North American family Baenidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 147, 241–320. | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Baenidae (Süßwasserschildkröte) |
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Macrobaenidae indet.132Hutchison, J. H. & Holroyd, P. A. (2003). Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene turtles of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 121–142. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.121 | Denver Formation | USA (Colorado) | 66–64 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Macrobaenidae | |
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Pan-Trionychidae indet.129Estes, R. & Berberian, P. (1970). Paleoecology of a late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana. Breviora, 343, 1–35.130Holroyd, P. A. & Hutchison, J. H. (2002). Patterns of geographic variation in latest Cretaceous vertebrates: evidence from the turtle component. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 177–190. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.177 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Weichschildkröten | |
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Testudines indet.150Woehr, D. A. (2007). Fossil collecting report: May 2007. Hinweis: Sammlerbericht; Bestimmungen vorläufig. Online40Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18)62Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., Knoll, K. & Sertich, J. J. W. (2023). Non-avian theropod phalanges from the marine Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), western South Dakota, USA. PeerJ, 11, e14665. doi:10.7717/peerj.14665 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Schildkröten | |
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Trionychidae indet.40Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18) | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | ca. 70–68 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Weichschildkröten |
Bei Helopanoplia beecheri handelt es sich wahrscheinlich um ein Synonym von Helopanoplia distincta und Aspideretes beecheri.141Joyce, W. G., Girard, L. C. & Lyson, T. R. (2026). A reassessment of the latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) pan-trionychid turtle Helopanoplia beecheri comb. nov. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 145, 665–677. doi:10.3897/sjp.145.189487
Plastomenus joycei ist aus Ablagerungen in der Denver Formation bekannt, die bereits aus dem frühesten Paläozän stammen. Es ist möglich, dass die Art schon während der Kreidezeit existierte, weshalb sie hier mit aufgeführt ist.147Lyson, T. R., Petermann, H. & Miller, I. M. (2021). A new plastomenid trionychid turtle, Plastomenus joycei, sp. nov., from the earliest Paleocene (Danian) Denver Formation of south-central Colorado, U. S. A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 41(1), e1913600. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1913600
Meeresschildkröten:

| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A. ischyros151Wieland, G. R. (1896). Archelon ischyros; a new gigantic cryptodire testudinate from the Fort Pierre Cretaceous of South Dakota. American Journal of Science, s4–2(12), 399–412. doi:10.2475/ajs.s4-2.12.399152Hoganson, J. W. & Woodward, B. (2003). Skeleton of the rare giant sea turtle, Archelon, recovered from the Cretaceous DeGrey Member of the Pierre Shale near Cooperstown, Griggs County, North Dakota. NDGS Newsletter, 32(1). Online | Pierre Shale | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
80–66 Ma | selten | Protostegidae (Meeresschildkröte) | |
| 2 |
Lophochelys
|
L. sp. (?)40Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18) | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 70–68 Ma | häufig | Chelonioidea (Meeresschildkröte) |
| 3 |
Nichollsemys
|
N. baieri153Brinkman, D. et al. (2006). Nichollsemys baieri gen. et sp. nov., a primitive chelonioid turtle from the Late Campanian of North America. Paludicola, 5(4), 111–124. Online | Pierre Shale | USA (South Dakota) | 76–66 Ma | selten | Chelonioidea (Meeresschildkröte) |
| 4 |
Toxochelys
|
T. latiremis92Carpenter, K. (2006). Comparative vertebrate taphonomy of the Pembina and Sharon Springs members (Middle Campanian) of the Pierre Shale, Western Interior. Paludicola, 5(4), 125–149. Online T. sp.154Hart, M. & Carrino, M. H. (2007). Taxonomic comparison and stratigraphic distribution of Toxochelys (Testudines: Cheloniidae) of South Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 111–132. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(08) |
Pierre Shale | Kanada (Manitoba); USA (South Dakota) |
89-66 Ma | selten | Toxochelyidae (Meeresschildkröte) |
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Testudines indet.150Woehr, D. A. (2007). Fossil collecting report: May 2007. Hinweis: Sammlerbericht; Bestimmungen vorläufig. Online40Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18)62Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., Knoll, K. & Sertich, J. J. W. (2023). Non-avian theropod phalanges from the marine Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), western South Dakota, USA. PeerJ, 11, e14665. doi:10.7717/peerj.14665 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Schildkröten |
Die drei Schildkrötengattungen aus dem Pierre Shale stammen noch überwiegend aus dem Campanium. Ihr Vorkommen in den Resten des Western Interior Seaways im späten Maastrichtium oder bis unmittelbar vor der K–Pg-Grenze ist somit nicht gesichert. Da Fossilien dieser Gattungen aber durchaus in anderen Teilen der Welt kurz vor der K-Pg-Grenze gefunden wurden, ist ihre Existenz auch im zurückweichenden Pierre Seaway wenigstens plausibel.151Wieland, G. R. (1896). Archelon ischyros; a new gigantic cryptodire testudinate from the Fort Pierre Cretaceous of South Dakota. American Journal of Science, s4–2(12), 399–412. doi:10.2475/ajs.s4-2.12.399152Hoganson, J. W. & Woodward, B. (2003). Skeleton of the rare giant sea turtle, Archelon, recovered from the Cretaceous DeGrey Member of the Pierre Shale near Cooperstown, Griggs County, North Dakota. NDGS Newsletter, 32(1). Online153Brinkman, D. et al. (2006). Nichollsemys baieri gen. et sp. nov., a primitive chelonioid turtle from the Late Campanian of North America. Paludicola, 5(4), 111–124. Online92Carpenter, K. (2006). Comparative vertebrate taphonomy of the Pembina and Sharon Springs members (Middle Campanian) of the Pierre Shale, Western Interior. Paludicola, 5(4), 125–149. Online.154Hart, M. & Carrino, M. H. (2007). Taxonomic comparison and stratigraphic distribution of Toxochelys (Testudines: Cheloniidae) of South Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 111–132. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(08)
Aus der Fox Hills Formation sind die Meeresschildkröten Lophochelys sp. sensu nur generisch beschrieben, die Gattung und eine eventuelle Synonymie mit Toxochelys werden diskutiert. In der Tabelle wird der Nachweis konservativ als Chelonioidea indet. übernommen. Von Basilemys sp. sind nur Panzerfragmente bekannt, die keine sichere Artbestimmung erlauben.40Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18)
Plesiosaurier:

| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Serpentisuchops
|
S. pfisterae155Persons, W. S., IV, Street, H. P. & Kelley, A. (2022). A long-snouted and long-necked polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America. iScience, 25(10), 105033. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105033 | Pierre Shale | USA (Wyoming) | 70 Ma | selten | Polycotylidae |
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Elasmosauridae indet.156Everhart, M. J. (2000). Gastroliths associated with plesiosaur remains in the Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous), western Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 103(1–2). Online | Pierre Shale | USA (Kansas) | 84–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Elasmosaurier | |
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Plesiosauroidea indet.157Boyd, C. A. (2018). A Pleasing Discovery from North Dakota’s Ancient Seas. Geo News, July 2018, 5–10. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Plesiosaurier |
Die unbestimmten Elasmosaurier aus dem Pierre Shale stammen aus dem noch campanischen Sharon Springs Member.156Everhart, M. J. (2000). Gastroliths associated with plesiosaur remains in the Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Late Cretaceous), western Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 103(1–2). Online Bei einigen Funden aus der Fox Hills Formation wird ebenfalls diskutiert, ob diese wirklich aus dem späten Maastrichtium stammen oder doch älter, vielleicht aus dem Campanium umgelagert sind. Da mehrere Plesiosaurier-Arten andernorts aber durchaus auch bis ans Ende der Kreidezeit nachgewiesen sind, könnten ihre Vertreter durchaus auch noch im Pierre Seaway bis zum Ende der Kreidezeit vorgekommen sein.157Boyd, C. A. (2018). A Pleasing Discovery from North Dakota’s Ancient Seas. Geo News, July 2018, 5–10. Online
Schuppenechsen:

WICHTIG: Besonders von den sehr kleinen Reptilien sind oft nur fragmentarische Überreste bekannt, wie einzelne Wirbel, Knochen oder Schädelelemente, die aber keine klaren Indizien für die tatsächliche Größe und Gestalt ihrer einstigen Besitzer erlauben. Die Größenschätzungen sind zwar um Plausibilität bemüht, sind aber eben weitestgehend eben nur Schätzungen.
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Cemeterius
|
C. monstrosus158Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B.-A. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2012). Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(52), 21396–21401. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110159Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2013). Correction for Longrich et al., Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(16), 6608–6608. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303907110 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Platynota (Waranartiger) |
| 2 |
Cerberophis
|
C. robustus158Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B.-A. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2012). Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(52), 21396–21401. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110159Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2013). Correction for Longrich et al., Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(16), 6608–6608. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303907110 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Alethinophidia (Schlange) |
| 3 |
Chamops |
C. segnis59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online158Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B.-A. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2012). Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(52), 21396–21401. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Chamopsidae |
| 4 |
Colpodontosaurus
|
C. cracens59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online158Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B.-A. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2012). Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(52), 21396–21401. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110 | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Anguimorpha (Schleichenartiger) |
| 5 |
Coniophis
|
cf. precedens (?)160Petermann, H. & Lyson, T. R. (2025). Squamate fauna from the Denver Basin shows major ecosystem disruption across K/Pg boundary. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 292(2055), 20251234. doi:10.1098/rspb.2025.1234 | Denver Formation | USA (Colorado) | 66 Ma | selten | Alethinophidia (Schlange) |
| 6 |
Contogenys
|
C. sloani158Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B.-A. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2012). Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(52), 21396–21401. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana, South Dakota) |
68–66 Ma | selten | Scincidae (Skink) |
| 7 |
Estescincosaurus
|
E. cooki59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online159Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2013). Correction for Longrich et al., Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(16), 6608–6608. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303907110 | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Scincidae (Skink) |
| 8 |
Exostinus
|
E. lancensis59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online158Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B.-A. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2012). Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(52), 21396–21401. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Xenosauridae (Höckerechse) |
| 9 |
Haptosphenus
|
H. placodon59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Teiidae (Schienenechse) |
| 10 |
Leptochamops
|
L. denticulatus59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online158Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B.-A. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2012). Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(52), 21396–21401. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Chamopsidae |
| 11 |
Litakis
|
L. gilmorei59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Squamata (Schuppenechse) |
| 12 |
Meniscognathus
|
M. altmani59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online160Petermann, H. & Lyson, T. R. (2025). Squamate fauna from the Denver Basin shows major ecosystem disruption across K/Pg boundary. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 292(2055), 20251234. doi:10.1098/rspb.2025.1234 | Lance Formation, Denver Formation |
USA (Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Chamopsidae |
| 13 | O. gracilis158Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B.-A. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2012). Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(52), 21396–21401. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110159Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2013). Correction for Longrich et al., Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(16), 6608–6608. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303907110 cf. sp. (?)160Petermann, H. & Lyson, T. R. (2025). Squamate fauna from the Denver Basin shows major ecosystem disruption across K/Pg boundary. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 292(2055), 20251234. doi:10.1098/rspb.2025.1234 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Denver Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Polyglyphanodontia | |
| 14 |
Odaxosaurus
|
cf. piger (?)39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 O. piger85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49.160Petermann, H. & Lyson, T. R. (2025). Squamate fauna from the Denver Basin shows major ecosystem disruption across K/Pg boundary. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 292(2055), 20251234. doi:10.1098/rspb.2025.1234 |
Ferris Formation, Denver Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Anguimorpha (Schleichenartiger) |
| 15 | P. canadensis59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online158Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B.-A. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2012). Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(52), 21396–21401. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Monstersauria (Krustenechse) | |
| 16 |
Paraderma
|
P. bogerti59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online158Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B.-A. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2012). Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(52), 21396–21401. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Monstersauria (Krustenechse) |
| 17 |
Parasaniwa
|
P. wyomingensis59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online158Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B.-A. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2012). Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(52), 21396–21401. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Palaeovaranidae |
| 18 |
Peneteius
|
P. aquilonius158Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B.-A. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2012). Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(52), 21396–21401. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211526110159Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B. S. & Gauthier, J. A. (2013). Correction for Longrich et al., Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(16), 6608–6608. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303907110 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Polyglyphanodontia |
| 19 |
Proxestops
|
P. sp. (?)161Bartlett, J. A. (2004). The small vertebrate fauna of the Hell Creek Formation in the vicinity of Marmarth, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of Oklahoma.162Sullivan, R. M. (1991). The fossil lizards and snakes of New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 1, 1–37. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana, South Dakota) |
68–66 Ma | selten | Anguimorpha (Schleichenartiger); historisch als Proxestops jepseni geführt |
| 20 |
Socognathus
|
S. brachyodon59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Chamopsidae |
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Chamopsidae indet.85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49. | Laramie Formation | USA (Colorado) | 68–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Chamopsidae | |
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Reptilia indet.40Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18) | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Reptilien | |
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Squamata indet.160Petermann, H. & Lyson, T. R. (2025). Squamate fauna from the Denver Basin shows major ecosystem disruption across K/Pg boundary. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 292(2055), 20251234. doi:10.1098/rspb.2025.123439Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Ferris Formation, Denver Formation |
USA (Colorado) | 66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Schuppenechsen |
Aus einer ungefähr 57.000 Jahre vor der K-Pg-Grenze abgelagerten Fundstelle der Denver Formation wurden insgesamt 235 Fossilien beschrieben, die zu mindestens 27 taxonomischen Einheiten von Reptilien gehören.160Petermann, H. & Lyson, T. R. (2025). Squamate fauna from the Denver Basin shows major ecosystem disruption across K/Pg boundary. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 292(2055), 20251234. doi:10.1098/rspb.2025.1234
Älteres Material aus der Ferris Formation war teilweise als Leptochamops denticulatus eingeordnet worden, lässt sich nach der Neubearbeitung aber nicht sicher dieser Art zuweisen.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191
Mosasaurier:

| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | M. conodon163Ikejiri, T. & Lucas, S. G. (2015). Osteology and taxonomy of Mosasaurus conodon Cope 1881 from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences – Geologie en Mijnbouw, 94(1), 39–54. doi:10.1017/njg.2014.28 M. hoffmannii164Harrell, T. L., Jr. & Martin, J. E. (2015). A mosasaur from the Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation of the northern Western Interior Seaway of the United States and the synonymy of Mosasaurus maximus with Mosasaurus hoffmanni (Reptilia: Mosasauridae). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences – Geologie en Mijnbouw, 94(1), 23–37. doi:10.1017/njg.2014.27 M. spp.40Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18)124During, M. A. D. et al. (2025). “King of the Riverside”, a multi-proxy approach offers a new perspective on mosasaurs before their extinction. BMC Zoology, 10(1), 25. doi:10.1186/s40850-025-00246-y |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
83–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Mosasauridae; M. hoffmannii synonym zu M. dekayi und M. maximus |
|
| 2 |
Plioplatecarpus
|
P. sp. (?)40Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18)124During, M. A. D. et al. (2025). “King of the Riverside”, a multi-proxy approach offers a new perspective on mosasaurs before their extinction. BMC Zoology, 10(1), 25. doi:10.1186/s40850-025-00246-y | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 75–66 Ma | häufig | Mosasauridae |
| 3 |
Prognathodon
|
P. overtoni165Lucas, S. G. et al. (2005). The mosasaur Prognathodon from the Upper Cretaceous Lewis Shale near Durango, Colorado and distribution of Prognathodon in North America. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 56, 389–393. doi:10.56577/FFC-56.389 | Pierre Shale | USA (South Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | Mosasauridae |
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Mosasauridae indet.166Van Vranken, N. E. & Boyd, C. A. (2021). The first in situ collection of a mosasaurine from the marine Breien Member of the Hell Creek Formation in south-central North Dakota, USA. PaleoBios, 38(1). doi:10.5070/P938054460167Kauffman, E. G. & Sawdo, J. K. (2013). Mosasaur predation on a nautiloid from the Maastrichtian Pierre Shale, Central Colorado, Western Interior Basin, United States. Lethaia, 46(2), 180–187. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00332.x40Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18)168Cicimurri, D. J., Bell, G. L., Jr. & Stoffer, P. W. (1999). Vertebrate paleontology of the Pierre Shale and Fox Hills formations (Late Campanian–Late Maastrichtian), Badlands National Park, South Dakota. National Park Service Technical Report NPS/NRGRD/GRDTR-99/3, 1–7. | Hell Creek Formation, | USA (Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Mosasauridae (Mosasaurier) | |
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Prognathodontini indet.124During, M. A. D. et al. (2025). “King of the Riverside”, a multi-proxy approach offers a new perspective on mosasaurs before their extinction. BMC Zoology, 10(1), 25. doi:10.1186/s40850-025-00246-y | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 66 Ma | Einzelfund | unbestimmte Prognathodontini |
Aus dem Pierre Shale gibt es Nautiloiden mit deutlichen Bissspuren, die wahrscheinlich von Mosasauriern stammen.167Kauffman, E. G. & Sawdo, J. K. (2013). Mosasaur predation on a nautiloid from the Maastrichtian Pierre Shale, Central Colorado, Western Interior Basin, United States. Lethaia, 46(2), 180–187. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00332.x
Aus den marinen Fazies der Hell Creek Formation sind außerdem die bislang noch unbestimmten Fossilien eines großen Mosasauriers bekannt, der eine geschätzte Länge von 11 m gehabt haben könnte.166Van Vranken, N. E. & Boyd, C. A. (2021). The first in situ collection of a mosasaurine from the marine Breien Member of the Hell Creek Formation in south-central North Dakota, USA. PaleoBios, 38(1). doi:10.5070/P938054460 Doch Mosasaurier kamen in Hell Creek auch im Süßwasser vor! Bekannt ist eine Zahnkrone, die in Süßwasserablagerungen gemeinsam mit einem Zahn von T. rex, einem Oberkieferknochen eines Krokodilverwandten sowie einem Hadrosaurierzahn gefunden wurde. Die stratigraphische Position liegt oberhalb des marinen Breien Members.124During, M. A. D. et al. (2025). “King of the Riverside”, a multi-proxy approach offers a new perspective on mosasaurs before their extinction. BMC Zoology, 10(1), 25. doi:10.1186/s40850-025-00246-y
Eutheria:

WICHTIG: Von kaum einem Eutherier aus den hier vorgestellten Formationen sind vollständige Körperfossilien bekannt. Das verfügbare Material besteht vielmehr aus einzelnen Knochen, vor allem Wirbeln, und natürlich Zahnfossilien, die nur sehr begrenzt Aussagen über Körperform und auch Größe ihrer einstigen Besitzer erlauben. Der Leser wird gebeten, in dieser Schautafel somit keine „faktengetreue“ Darstellung zu erkennen, sondern bloß einen um Plausibilität bemühten Rekonstruktionsversuch.
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Alostera
|
A. saskatchewanensis169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918170Montellano-Ballesteros, M., Fox, R. C. & Scott, C. S. (2013). Species composition of the Late Cretaceous eutherian mammal Paranyctoides Fox. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 50(7), 693–700. doi:10.1139/cjes-2012-0184 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Eutheria; historisch als Paranyctoides geführt |
| 2 |
Altacreodus
|
A. magnus171Fox, R. C. (2015). A revision of the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene eutherian mammal Cimolestes Marsh, 1889. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 52(12), 1137–1149. doi:10.1139/cjes-2015-0113 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Creodonta (Creodont) |
| 3 |
Ambilestes
|
A. cerberoides171Fox, R. C. (2015). A revision of the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene eutherian mammal Cimolestes Marsh, 1889. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 52(12), 1137–1149. doi:10.1139/cjes-2015-0113 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Eutheria |
| 4 |
Baioconodon
|
B. sp. cf. nordicus (?)172Kelly, T. S. (2014). Preliminary report on the mammals from Lane’s Little Jaw Site Quarry – a latest Cretaceous (earliest Puercan?) local fauna, Hell Creek Formation, southeastern Montana. Paludicola, 10(1), 50–91. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 66–65 Ma | selten | Arctocyonidae; Bestimmung unsicher |
| 5 |
Batodon
|
B. tenuis169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Cimolestidae |
| 6 |
Cimolestes |
C. incisus171Fox, R. C. (2015). A revision of the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene eutherian mammal Cimolestes Marsh, 1889. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 52(12), 1137–1149. doi:10.1139/cjes-2015-0113 C. stirtoni171Fox, R. C. (2015). A revision of the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene eutherian mammal Cimolestes Marsh, 1889. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 52(12), 1137–1149. doi:10.1139/cjes-2015-0113 C. sp.172Kelly, T. S. (2014). Preliminary report on the mammals from Lane’s Little Jaw Site Quarry – a latest Cretaceous (earliest Puercan?) local fauna, Hell Creek Formation, southeastern Montana. Paludicola, 10(1), 50–91. |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–65 Ma | häufig | Cimolestidae |
| 7 |
Gypsonictops
|
G. cf. illuminatus (?)169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 G. hypoconus169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.175Hunter, J. P. & Archibald, J. D. (2002). Mammals from the end of the age of dinosaurs in North Dakota and southeastern Montana, with a reappraisal of geographic differentiation among Lancian mammals. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 191–216. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.191 G. illuminatus169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 G. sp.169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Gypsonictopidae |
| 8 |
Paleoungulatum
|
P. hooleyi172Kelly, T. S. (2014). Preliminary report on the mammals from Lane’s Little Jaw Site Quarry – a latest Cretaceous (earliest Puercan?) local fauna, Hell Creek Formation, southeastern Montana. Paludicola, 10(1), 50–91. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 66–65 Ma | selten | Periptychidae (?) |
| 9 |
Procerberus
|
P. sp.172Kelly, T. S. (2014). Preliminary report on the mammals from Lane’s Little Jaw Site Quarry – a latest Cretaceous (earliest Puercan?) local fauna, Hell Creek Formation, southeastern Montana. Paludicola, 10(1), 50–91. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 66–65 Ma | selten | Cimolestidae; Bestimmung unsicher |
| 10 |
Protungulatum
|
P. coombsi176Archibald, J. D. et al. (2011). Protungulatum, Confirmed Cretaceous Occurrence of an Otherwise Paleocene Eutherian (Placental?) Mammal. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 18(3), 153–161. doi:10.1007/s10914-011-9162-1 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 66 Ma | Einzelfund | Eutheria |
| 11 | P. ceratops177Van Valen, L. & Sloan, R. E. (1965). The Earliest Primates. Science, 150(3697), 743–745. doi:10.1126/science.150.3697.743178Clemens, W. A. (2004). Purgatorius (Plesiadapiformes, Primates?, Mammalia), a Paleocene immigrant into northeastern Montana: Stratigraphic occurrences and incisor proportions. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 36, 3–13. doi:10.2992/0145-9058(2004)36[3:PPPMAP]2.0.CO;2179Wilson Mantilla, G. P. et al. (2021). Earliest Palaeocene purgatoriids and the initial radiation of stem primates. Royal Society Open Science, 8(2), rsos.210050. doi:10.1098/rsos.210050 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 66–65 Ma | Einzelfund | Purgatoriidae; Bestimmung und Alter unsicher |
|
| 12 |
Scollardius
|
S. propalaeoryctes171Fox, R. C. (2015). A revision of the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene eutherian mammal Cimolestes Marsh, 1889. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 52(12), 1137–1149. doi:10.1139/cjes-2015-0113 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Cimolestidae |
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Mammalia indet.63Waage, K. M. (1968). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 1. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironments. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 27, 1–175. Online62Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., Knoll, K. & Sertich, J. J. W. (2023). Non-avian theropod phalanges from the marine Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), western South Dakota, USA. PeerJ, 11, e14665. doi:10.7717/peerj.14665180Cifelli, R. L. et al. (2004). Mammalian Biochronology of the Latest Cretaceous. In Woodburne, M. O. (Hg.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. Columbia University Press, 21–42. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | ca. 68–68 Ma | selten | Mammalia | |
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Eutheria indet.181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955 | Denver Formation | USA (Colorado) | 66 Ma | Einzelfund | unbestimmte Eutheria |
Aus der Fox Hills Formation sind mehrere Säugetierfossilien gut untersucht. Meist handelt es sich um Zahnfunde, die sich manchmal jedoch nicht klar bekannten Gattungen und auch Arten zuordnen lassen. Es handelt sich aber höchstwahrscheinlich nicht um wirklich im Meer beheimatete frühe Meeressäuger, sondern vielmehr um Überreste, die durch einen Fluss ins Meer gespült wurden und dort sedimentierten.173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.175Hunter, J. P. & Archibald, J. D. (2002). Mammals from the end of the age of dinosaurs in North Dakota and southeastern Montana, with a reappraisal of geographic differentiation among Lancian mammals. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 191–216. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.191182Case, J. A. & Martin, J. E. (2007). Mammals from Red Owm Quarry, Fox Hills Formation, South Dakota: an Edmontonian local fauna? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27(3), Supplement: 57A. Online63Waage, K. M. (1968). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 1. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironments. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 27, 1–175. Online62Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., Knoll, K. & Sertich, J. J. W. (2023). Non-avian theropod phalanges from the marine Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), western South Dakota, USA. PeerJ, 11, e14665. doi:10.7717/peerj.14665180Cifelli, R. L. et al. (2004). Mammalian Biochronology of the Latest Cretaceous. In Woodburne, M. O. (Hg.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. Columbia University Press, 21–42. Online
Protungulatum coombsi ist bislang nur durch einen einzelnen oberen Prämolaren aus sicher kreidezeitlichen Schichten der Hell Creek Formation belegt. Der Fund stammt aus einer Schicht, die mindestens etwa 300.000 Jahre unterhalb der K–Pg-Grenze liegt. Damit ist die Gattung Protungulatum sowohl aus der späten Kreidezeit als auch aus dem frühen Paläozän nachgewiesen. Die systematische Stellung der Gattung ist allerdings umstritten. Sie wurde traditionell in die Nähe früher Huftierverwandter gestellt, könnte aber vielleicht auch gar nicht zu den eigentlichen Placentalia gehören.176Archibald, J. D. et al. (2011). Protungulatum, Confirmed Cretaceous Occurrence of an Otherwise Paleocene Eutherian (Placental?) Mammal. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 18(3), 153–161. doi:10.1007/s10914-011-9162-1
Purgatorius ceratops beruht auf einem einzelnen, abgenutzten Zahn aus der Harbicht-Hill-Fauna der Hell Creek Formation. Der Fundort enthält eine zeitlich vermischte Ansammlung aus kreidezeitlichen und frühpaläozänen Fossilien. Daher sind sowohl die Zuordnung des Zahns zu Purgatorius als auch sein kreidezeitliches Alter umstritten. Sollte die ursprüngliche Bestimmung und Datierung zutreffen, wäre P. ceratops der einzige bislang bekannte Purgatoriide aus der Kreidezeit. Die ältesten eindeutig nachgewiesenen Vertreter der Gruppe stammen dagegen aus dem frühesten Paläozän.178Clemens, W. A. (2004). Purgatorius (Plesiadapiformes, Primates?, Mammalia), a Paleocene immigrant into northeastern Montana: Stratigraphic occurrences and incisor proportions. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 36, 3–13. doi:10.2992/0145-9058(2004)36[3:PPPMAP]2.0.CO;2179Wilson Mantilla, G. P. et al. (2021). Earliest Palaeocene purgatoriids and the initial radiation of stem primates. Royal Society Open Science, 8(2), rsos.210050. doi:10.1098/rsos.210050
Auch das genaue Alter der Säugetierfauna von Lane’s Little Jaw Site in der oberen Hell Creek Formation ist nicht abschließend geklärt. Die Fauna wurde ursprünglich als spätestkreidezeitlich interpretiert, enthält mit Baioconodon, Paleoungulatum und Procerberus jedoch mehrere Formen, die ansonsten vor allem aus dem frühesten Paläozän bekannt sind. Die betreffenden Taxa werden deshalb hier mit einem Alter von 66–65 Ma als mögliche Grenzfauna geführt.172Kelly, T. S. (2014). Preliminary report on the mammals from Lane’s Little Jaw Site Quarry – a latest Cretaceous (earliest Puercan?) local fauna, Hell Creek Formation, southeastern Montana. Paludicola, 10(1), 50–91.
Aus dem kreidezeitlichen Teil der D1-Sequenz ist bislang nur ein nicht näher bestimmbares Exemplar sicher als Eutherier bekannt. Es stammt von Ingrid’s Jaw. Die dortigen Schichten wurden traditionell als Laramie Formation kartiert, entsprechen aber wahrscheinlich dem obersten kreidezeitlichen Abschnitt der D1-Sequenz im Denver Basin.181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955
Nach dem großen Massenaussterben am Ende der Kreidezeit schlug die große Stunde der Eutheria. Aus den obersten Schichten der Ferris Formation ist eine vielfältige Eutherierfauna bekannt. Diese Tiere werden aber nicht in der vorstehenden Tabelle geführt, da sie nicht Teil der Lancian– sondern der späteren, sogenannten Puercian-Fauna sind. Sie haben sich wohl erst im Paläozän entwickelt und lebten nicht zeitgleich mit den letzten Dinosauriern.183Eberle, J. J. & Lillegraven, J. A. (1998). A new important record of earliest Cenozoic mammalian history: Eutheria and paleogeographic/biostratigraphic summaries. Rocky Mountain Geology, 33(1), 49–117. doi:10.2113/33.1.49 Dazu gehören:
- Ampliconus antoni
- Baioconodon denverensis
- Baioconodon middletoni
- Conacodon delphae
- Conacodon harbourae
- Ectoconus sp.
- Gypsonictops sp.
- Maiorana ferrisensis
- Mimatuta sp.
- Mithrandir gillianus
- Oxyacodon agapetillus
- Oxyacodon apiculatus
- Oxyacodon priscilla
- Protungulatum donnae
- Protungulatum gorgun
- Protungulatum sloani.
Aus dem kreidezeitlichen Abschnitt der D1-Sequenz der Denver Formation ist dagegen bislang lediglich ein nicht näher bestimmbares Eutherium von Ingrid’s Jaw sicher nachgewiesen. Die mit Blick auf Säugetiere fossilreichsten Schichten stammen aber wiederum auch von oberhalb der K-Pg-Grenze, weshalb die Arten, die bislang nur aus dem Paläozän bekannt sind, sich nicht in der Tabelle befinden. Sie sind ebenfalls Teil der Puercian-Fauna.184Eberle, J. J. (2003). Puercan mammalian systematics and biostratigraphy in the Denver Formation, Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 143–169. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.143185Middleton, M. D. & Dewar, E. W. (2004). New mammals from the early Paleocene Littleton fauna (Denver Formation, Colorado). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 26, 59–80. Dabei geht es um:
- Alticonus gazini
- Ampliconus browni
- Auraria urbana
- Baioconodon denverensis
- Baioconodon nordicus
- Conacodon delphae
- Conacodon harbourae
- Conacodon matthewi
- Desmatoclaenus protogonioides
- Procerberus andesiticus
- Procerberus grandis
Metatheria:

WICHTIG: Auch bei den Metatheriern können die Größenverhältnisse und vor allem das genaue Aussehen nur grob rekonstruiert werden, da auch hier vor allem Zahnfossilien und fragmentarische Knochen überliefert sind. Insofern stellt auch diese Übersicht wieder nur eine plausible Schätzung, aber kein genaues Realitätsbild dar.
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A. cf. wilsoni (?)169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 A. marshi186Clemens, W. A., Jr. (1963). Fossil mammals of the type Lance Formation, Wyoming. Part I. Introduction and Multituberculata. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 48, 1–105. Online169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.175Hunter, J. P. & Archibald, J. D. (2002). Mammals from the end of the age of dinosaurs in North Dakota and southeastern Montana, with a reappraisal of geographic differentiation among Lancian mammals. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 191–216. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.191 A. wilsoni169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 A. spp.187Boyd, C. A., Person, J. J. & Barnes, B. (2017). Additions to the Lancian mammalian fauna from southwest North Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37(3), e1325368. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1325368182Case, J. A. & Martin, J. E. (2007). Mammals from Red Owm Quarry, Fox Hills Formation, South Dakota: an Edmontonian local fauna? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27(3), Supplement: 57A. Online |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Alphadontidae | |
| 2 | „D. padanicus„188Cope, E. D. (1892). On a new horizon of fossil mammals. American Naturalist, 26, 758–762.189Cifelli, R. L. & de Muizon, C. (1998). Marsupial mammal from the Upper Cretaceous North Horn Formation, central Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 72(3), 532–537. doi:10.1017/S0022336000024306 D. cf. vorax (?)169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 D. vorax186Clemens, W. A., Jr. (1963). Fossil mammals of the type Lance Formation, Wyoming. Part I. Introduction and Multituberculata. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 48, 1–105. Online169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.175Hunter, J. P. & Archibald, J. D. (2002). Mammals from the end of the age of dinosaurs in North Dakota and southeastern Montana, with a reappraisal of geographic differentiation among Lancian mammals. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 191–216. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.191 D. sp.169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Stagodontidae | |
| 3 |
Glasbius
|
G. intricatus190Clemens, W. A., Jr. (1966). Fossil mammals of the type Lance Formation, Wyoming. Part II. Marsupialia. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 62, 1–122. Online191Davis, B. M. (2007). A revision of “pediomyid” marsupials from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52(2), 217–256. Online192Eberle, J. et al. (2024). A new Late Cretaceous metatherian from the Williams Fork Formation, Colorado. PLOS ONE, 19(10), e0310948. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310948 G. cf. twitchelli (?)169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 G. twitchelli191Davis, B. M. (2007). A revision of “pediomyid” marsupials from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52(2), 217–256. Online187Boyd, C. A., Person, J. J. & Barnes, B. (2017). Additions to the Lancian mammalian fauna from southwest North Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37(3), e1325368. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1325368 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Glasbiidae |
| 4 |
Iqualadelphis
|
I. sp. (?)182Case, J. A. & Martin, J. E. (2007). Mammals from Red Owm Quarry, Fox Hills Formation, South Dakota: an Edmontonian local fauna? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27(3), Supplement: 57A. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 70–68 Ma | selten | Metatheria |
| 5 |
Leptalestes
|
L. cooki (?)186Clemens, W. A., Jr. (1963). Fossil mammals of the type Lance Formation, Wyoming. Part I. Introduction and Multituberculata. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 48, 1–105. Online191Davis, B. M. (2007). A revision of “pediomyid” marsupials from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52(2), 217–256. Online181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.175Hunter, J. P. & Archibald, J. D. (2002). Mammals from the end of the age of dinosaurs in North Dakota and southeastern Montana, with a reappraisal of geographic differentiation among Lancian mammals. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 191–216. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.191 L. krejcii186Clemens, W. A., Jr. (1963). Fossil mammals of the type Lance Formation, Wyoming. Part I. Introduction and Multituberculata. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 48, 1–105. Online191Davis, B. M. (2007). A revision of “pediomyid” marsupials from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52(2), 217–256. Online169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.175Hunter, J. P. & Archibald, J. D. (2002). Mammals from the end of the age of dinosaurs in North Dakota and southeastern Montana, with a reappraisal of geographic differentiation among Lancian mammals. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 191–216. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.191 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Denver Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Pediomyidae |
| 6 |
Nanocuris
|
N. improvida193Fox, R. C., Scott, C. S. & Bryant, H. N. (2007). A new, unusual therian mammal from the Upper Cretaceous of Saskatchewan, Canada. Cretaceous Research, 28(5), 821–829. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.12.005194Wilson, G. P. (2013). Mammals across the K/Pg boundary in northeastern Montana, U. S. A.: dental morphology and body-size patterns reveal extinction selectivity and immigrant-fueled ecospace filling. Paleobiology, 39(3), 429–469. doi:10.1666/12041 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Deltatheridiidae |
| 7 |
Nortedelphys
|
N. jasoni186Clemens, W. A., Jr. (1963). Fossil mammals of the type Lance Formation, Wyoming. Part I. Introduction and Multituberculata. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 48, 1–105. Online181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955195Williamson, T. E. et al. (2012). The phylogeny and evolution of Cretaceous–Palaeogene metatherians: cladistic analysis and description of new early Palaeocene specimens from the Nacimiento Formation, New Mexico. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 10(4), 625–651. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.631592194Wilson, G. P. (2013). Mammals across the K/Pg boundary in northeastern Montana, U. S. A.: dental morphology and body-size patterns reveal extinction selectivity and immigrant-fueled ecospace filling. Paleobiology, 39(3), 429–469. doi:10.1666/12041 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Denver Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Herpetotheriidae |
| 8 |
Pediomys
|
P. elegans186Clemens, W. A., Jr. (1963). Fossil mammals of the type Lance Formation, Wyoming. Part I. Introduction and Multituberculata. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 48, 1–105. Online191Davis, B. M. (2007). A revision of “pediomyid” marsupials from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52(2), 217–256. Online169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Pediomyidae |
| 9 |
Protalphadon
|
P. foxi169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 P. lulli186Clemens, W. A., Jr. (1963). Fossil mammals of the type Lance Formation, Wyoming. Part I. Introduction and Multituberculata. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 48, 1–105. Online196Eberle, J. J. & Lillegraven, J. A. (1998). A new important record of earliest Cenozoic mammalian history: geologic setting, Multituberculata, and Peradectia. Rocky Mountain Geology, 33(1), 3–47.56Lillegraven, J. A. & Eberle, J. J. (1999). Vertebrate faunal changes through Lancian and Puercan time in southern Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology, 73(4), 691–710. doi:10.1017/S0022336000032510169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.175Hunter, J. P. & Archibald, J. D. (2002). Mammals from the end of the age of dinosaurs in North Dakota and southeastern Montana, with a reappraisal of geographic differentiation among Lancian mammals. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 191–216. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.191 P. sp.181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Denver Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Alphadontidae; P. lulli: synonym zu Alphadon lulli |
| 10 |
Protolambda
|
P. florencae186Clemens, W. A., Jr. (1963). Fossil mammals of the type Lance Formation, Wyoming. Part I. Introduction and Multituberculata. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 48, 1–105. Online191Davis, B. M. (2007). A revision of “pediomyid” marsupials from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52(2), 217–256. Online169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 P. hatcheri186Clemens, W. A., Jr. (1963). Fossil mammals of the type Lance Formation, Wyoming. Part I. Introduction and Multituberculata. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 48, 1–105. Online191Davis, B. M. (2007). A revision of “pediomyid” marsupials from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52(2), 217–256. Online181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.175Hunter, J. P. & Archibald, J. D. (2002). Mammals from the end of the age of dinosaurs in North Dakota and southeastern Montana, with a reappraisal of geographic differentiation among Lancian mammals. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 191–216. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.191 P. mcgilli172Kelly, T. S. (2014). Preliminary report on the mammals from Lane’s Little Jaw Site Quarry – a latest Cretaceous (earliest Puercan?) local fauna, Hell Creek Formation, southeastern Montana. Paludicola, 10(1), 50–91. |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Denver Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–65 Ma | sehr häufig | Pediomyidae |
| 11 |
Turgidodon
|
T. rhaister186Clemens, W. A., Jr. (1963). Fossil mammals of the type Lance Formation, Wyoming. Part I. Introduction and Multituberculata. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 48, 1–105. Online169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Alphadontidae |
| 12 |
Varalphadon
|
V. sp. (?)182Case, J. A. & Martin, J. E. (2007). Mammals from Red Owm Quarry, Fox Hills Formation, South Dakota: an Edmontonian local fauna? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27(3), Supplement: 57A. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 70–68 Ma | selten | Metatheria |
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Herpetotheriidae indet. (?)182Case, J. A. & Martin, J. E. (2007). Mammals from Red Owm Quarry, Fox Hills Formation, South Dakota: an Edmontonian local fauna? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27(3), Supplement: 57A. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 70–68 Ma | selten | Herpetotheriidae | |
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Metatheria indet.181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955 | Denver Formation | USA (Colorado) | 67–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Beuteltierverwandte | |
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Pediomyidae indet.181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955 | Denver Formation | USA (Colorado) | 66 Ma | Einzelfund | unbestimmte Pediomyidae |
Unter dem Begriff Metatheria weden eben jene Säugetiere zusammengefasst, die zur Entwicklungslinie der heutigen Beuteltiere gehören, aber nicht unbedingt bereits Mitglieder der modernen Kronengruppe der Beuteltiere sind. Dennoch sind diese Tiere hier alle mit heutigen Koalas, Kängurus und Opossums verwandt als mit Elefanten, Bären oder uns Menschen.
Didelphodon padanicus wurde ursprünglich von Edward D. Cope benannt, nach Auffassung einiger späterer Autoren aber nicht ausreichend formal beschrieben. Sie betrachten den Namen deshalb als Nomen nudum. Da das Taxon dennoch wiederholt in der Fachliteratur und in paläontologischen Datenbanken verwendet wird, ist es hier aufgeführt.188Cope, E. D. (1892). On a new horizon of fossil mammals. American Naturalist, 26, 758–762.189Cifelli, R. L. & de Muizon, C. (1998). Marsupial mammal from the Upper Cretaceous North Horn Formation, central Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 72(3), 532–537. doi:10.1017/S0022336000024306
Bei Leptalestes cooki (?), Nortedelphys jasoni, Protalphadon sp., Protolambda hatcheri, Pediomyidae indet. und Metatheria indet. ist die Zuweisung zu einer bestimmten Lagerstätte unsicher und komplex. Sie stammen aus dem Cheyenne Basin in Colorado aus traditionell als Laramie Formation kartierten Schichten, die aber wahrscheinlich dem kreidezeitlichen Abschnitt der D1-Sequenz im Denver Basin entsprechen. Deshalb werden diese Funde hier der Denver Formation zugeordnet.181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955
Die genaue stratigraphische Stellung der Lane’s-Little-Jaw-Fauna mit Protolambda mcgilli ist ebenfalls nicht abschließend geklärt. Die Fundstelle liegt im oberen Bereich der Hell Creek Formation und enthält sowohl typische kreidezeitliche als auch frühpaläozäne Faunenelemente. Deshalb wird für diesen Fund ein Alter von 66–65 Ma angegeben.
Multituberculata:

WICHTIG: Auch bei den meisten Multituberculaten, bei denen noch erschwerend hinzu kommt, dass sie keine überlebenden Vertreter mehr im 21. Jahrhundert haben, gestaltet sich die Rekonstruktion aufgrund lückenhafter Fossilüberlieferung als schwierig. Die Zähne sprechen bei den meisten für eine Nager-ähnliche Lebensweise und entsprechende Größe, aber mit Sicherheit ist das bei kaum einer Art zu sagen.
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Bubodens
|
B. magnus173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.180Cifelli, R. L. et al. (2004). Mammalian Biochronology of the Latest Cretaceous. In Woodburne, M. O. (Hg.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. Columbia University Press, 21–42. Online197Clemens, W. A. (2010). Were immigrants a significant part of the earliest Paleocene mammalian fauna of the North American Western Interior? Vertebrata PalAsiatica 48(4), 285–307. Online198Lopatin, A. V. & Averianov, A. O. (2026). Reappraisal of a multituberculate mammal Buginbaatar transaltaiensis from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 45(5), e2601790. doi:10.1080/02724634.2025.2601790 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 70–68 Ma | Einzelfund | Cimolodonta |
| 2 |
Cimexomys
|
C. cf. minor (?)199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416 C. minor169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416 C. spp.199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.180Cifelli, R. L. et al. (2004). Mammalian Biochronology of the Latest Cretaceous. In Woodburne, M. O. (Hg.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. Columbia University Press, 21–42. Online |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–66 Ma | häufig | Multituberculata; Cimolodonta |
| 3 |
Cimolodon
|
C. cf. nitidus (?)169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416 C. nitidus196Eberle, J. J. & Lillegraven, J. A. (1998). A new important record of earliest Cenozoic mammalian history: geologic setting, Multituberculata, and Peradectia. Rocky Mountain Geology, 33(1), 3–47.169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.175Hunter, J. P. & Archibald, J. D. (2002). Mammals from the end of the age of dinosaurs in North Dakota and southeastern Montana, with a reappraisal of geographic differentiation among Lancian mammals. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 191–216. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.191 C. peregrinus199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416 C. sp. (?)169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Denver Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Cimolodontidae |
| 4 |
Cimolomys
|
C. gracilis169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 C. sp. (?)181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Denver Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Cimolomyidae |
| 5 |
Clemensodon
|
C. megaloba200Krause, D. W. (1992). Clemensodon megaloba, a new genus and species of Multituberculata (Mammalia) from the Upper Cretaceous type Lance Formation, Powder River Basin, Wyoming. PaleoBios, 14(2), 1–8. | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Cimolodonta |
| 6 |
Essonodon
|
E. browni169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Cimolomyidae |
| 7 | M. cf. robustus (?)169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416 M. collomensis181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955 M. conquistus169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 M. robustus169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.175Hunter, J. P. & Archibald, J. D. (2002). Mammals from the end of the age of dinosaurs in North Dakota and southeastern Montana, with a reappraisal of geographic differentiation among Lancian mammals. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 191–216. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.191181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955180Cifelli, R. L. et al. (2004). Mammalian Biochronology of the Latest Cretaceous. In Woodburne, M. O. (Hg.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. Columbia University Press, 21–42. Online M. seminoensis196Eberle, J. J. & Lillegraven, J. A. (1998). A new important record of earliest Cenozoic mammalian history: geologic setting, Multituberculata, and Peradectia. Rocky Mountain Geology, 33(1), 3–47. M. sp.169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Denver Formation, Laramie Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Cimolomyidae; M. robustus: synonym zu M. greeni. |
|
| 8 |
Mesodma
|
M. cf. formosa (?)169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955 M. cf. hensleighi (?)169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 M. formosa169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.175Hunter, J. P. & Archibald, J. D. (2002). Mammals from the end of the age of dinosaurs in North Dakota and southeastern Montana, with a reappraisal of geographic differentiation among Lancian mammals. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 191–216. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.191181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955 M. hensleighi169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.175Hunter, J. P. & Archibald, J. D. (2002). Mammals from the end of the age of dinosaurs in North Dakota and southeastern Montana, with a reappraisal of geographic differentiation among Lancian mammals. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 191–216. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.191 M. thompsoni169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416173Wilson, R. W. (1983). Late Cretaceous mammals of western South Dakota, 1974. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 15, 749–752.174Wilson, R. W. (1987). Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra, 3.175Hunter, J. P. & Archibald, J. D. (2002). Mammals from the end of the age of dinosaurs in North Dakota and southeastern Montana, with a reappraisal of geographic differentiation among Lancian mammals. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 191–216. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.191 M. sp.199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Denver Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Neoplagiaulacidae |
| 9 |
Neoplagiaulax
|
N. burgessi169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Neoplagiaulacidae |
| 10 |
Paracimexomys
|
P. priscus169Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. (2004). Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs – Origins, Evolution, and Structure. Columbia University Press. Belegstelle: S. 98–99. doi:10.7312/kiel11918199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Multituberculata |
| 11 |
Paressonodon
|
P. cf. nelsoni (?)181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955 P. nelsoni181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955194Wilson, G. P. (2013). Mammals across the K/Pg boundary in northeastern Montana, U. S. A.: dental morphology and body-size patterns reveal extinction selectivity and immigrant-fueled ecospace filling. Paleobiology, 39(3), 429–469. doi:10.1666/12041199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Denver Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Cimolomyidae (?) |
| 12 |
Parikimys
|
P. carpenteri181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416 | Lance Formation, Denver Formation |
USA (Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Neoplagiaulacidae |
| 13 |
Stygimys
|
S. kuszmauli201Adams, N. F. et al. (2019). Functional tests of the competitive exclusion hypothesis for multituberculate extinction. Royal Society Open Science, 6(3), 181536. doi:10.1098/rsos.181536 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Eucosmodontidae |
| 14 |
Valenopsalis
|
V. joyneri202Williamson, T. E. et al. (2016). A new taeniolabidoid multituberculate (Mammalia) from the middle Puercan of the Nacimiento Formation, New Mexico, and a revision of taeniolabidoid systematics and phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 177(1), 183–208. doi:10.1111/zoj.12336 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 66–65 Ma | selten | Taeniolabidoidea |
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Cimolomyidae indet.181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955 | Denver Formation | USA (Colorado) | 66 Ma | Einzelfund | unbestimmte Cimolomyidae | |
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Multituberculata indet.181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416 | Lance Formation, Denver Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Multituberculata | |
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Neoplagiaulacidae indet.199Donohue, S. L., Wilson, G. P. & Breithaupt, B. H. (2013). Latest Cretaceous multituberculates of the Black Butte Station local fauna (Lance Formation, southwestern Wyoming), with implications for compositional differences among mammalian local faunas of the Western Interior. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 677–695. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.745416 | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | unbestimmte Neoplagiaulacidae |
Bei Cimolodon sp. (?), Cimolomys sp. (?), Cimolomyidae indet., Meniscoessus cf. robustus, Mesodma cf. formosa, Multituberculata indet., Paressonodon cf. nelsoni, Paressonodon nelsoni und Parikimys carpenteri ist die Zuweisung zu einer bestimmten Lagerstätte unsicher und komplex. Sie stammen aus dem Cheyenne Basin in Colorado aus traditionell als Laramie Formation kartierten Schichten, die aber wahrscheinlich dem kreidezeitlichen Abschnitt der D1-Sequenz im Denver Basin entsprechen. Deshalb werden diese Funde hier der Denver Formation zugeordnet.181Wilson, G. P., Dechesne, M. & Anderson, I. R. (2010). New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(2), 499–520. doi:10.1080/02724631003620955
Valenopsalis joyneri ist sicher aus dem frühesten Paläozän nachgewiesen, die Art wird hier dennoch bei der Hell Creek Formation aufgeführt, da es Funde auch aus der unmittelbaren Grenzschicht zwischen Kreidezeit und Känozoikum gibt.202Williamson, T. E. et al. (2016). A new taeniolabidoid multituberculate (Mammalia) from the middle Puercan of the Nacimiento Formation, New Mexico, and a revision of taeniolabidoid systematics and phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 177(1), 183–208. doi:10.1111/zoj.12336
Amphibien:

WICHTIG: Die Größe der hier gezeigten Amphibien lässt sich aufgrund lückenhafter Fossilien nicht immer klar beziffern. Oft sind nur Kieferteile oder Wirbel überliefert. Diese erlauben zwar schon bessere Schätzungen als bei den meisten Säugetieren, dennoch kann ich auch hier keine Gewähr für die gezeigten Größenverhältnisse übernehmen. Ich habe mich dennoch bemüht, sie so plausibel es nur geht zu rekonstruieren.
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Albanerpeton
|
A. galaktion203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z A. nexuosum204Gardner, J. D. (2000). Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) of North America. Geodiversitas, 22(3), 349–388.203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49. |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Albanerpetontidae |
| 2 |
Eopelobates
|
cf. sp. (?)205Estes, R. & Sanchíz, B. (1982). New discoglossid and palaeobatrachid frogs from the Late Cretaceous of Wyoming and Montana, and a review of other frogs from the Lance and Hell Creek formations. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2(1), 9–20. doi:10.1080/02724634.1982.10011914203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Anura (Froschlurch); Bestimmung unsicher |
| 3 | H. dilatus16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.145203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 H. prodilatus203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Sirenidae (Armmolch) | |
| 4 |
Lisserpeton
|
L. bairdi59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49.203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z40Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18) | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Laramie Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–66 Ma | häufig | Scapherpetontidae |
| 5 |
Opisthotriton
|
O. kayi16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.14585Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49.203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z40Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18) | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Denver Formation, Laramie Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
70–64 Ma | häufig | Batrachosauroididae |
| 6 |
Palaeobatrachus
|
P. occidentalis (?)205Estes, R. & Sanchíz, B. (1982). New discoglossid and palaeobatrachid frogs from the Late Cretaceous of Wyoming and Montana, and a review of other frogs from the Lance and Hell Creek formations. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2(1), 9–20. doi:10.1080/02724634.1982.10011914203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Anura (Froschlurch) |
| 7 |
Paradiscoglossus
|
P. americanus205Estes, R. & Sanchíz, B. (1982). New discoglossid and palaeobatrachid frogs from the Late Cretaceous of Wyoming and Montana, and a review of other frogs from the Lance and Hell Creek formations. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2(1), 9–20. doi:10.1080/02724634.1982.10011914203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Anura (Froschlurch) |
| 8 | P. garbanii206Demar, D. G., Jr. (2013). A new fossil salamander (Caudata, Proteidae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33(3), 588–598. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.734887 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Proteidae | |
| 9 |
Piceoerpeton
|
P. naylori203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Scapherpetontidae |
| 10 |
Proamphiuma
|
P. cretacea203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Amphiumidae |
| 11 |
Prodesmodon
|
P. copei59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Batrachosauroididae |
| 12 | S. tectum16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.14585Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Scapherpetontidae | |
| 13 |
Scotiophryne
|
S. pustulosa205Estes, R. & Sanchíz, B. (1982). New discoglossid and palaeobatrachid frogs from the Late Cretaceous of Wyoming and Montana, and a review of other frogs from the Lance and Hell Creek formations. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2(1), 9–20. doi:10.1080/02724634.1982.10011914203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Anura (Froschlurch) |
| 14 | T. lancensis207Fox, R. C. (1976). An edentulous frog ( Theatonius lancensis, new genus and species) from the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(10), 1486–1490. doi:10.1139/e76-154203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Anura (Froschlurch) | |
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Anura indet.16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.145 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
67–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Froschlurche | |
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Caudata indet.16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.145203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Hell Creek Formation, Ferris Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Schwanzlurche | |
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Scapherpetontidae indet.203Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013). Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93(4), 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z | Denver Formation | USA (Colorado) | 66–64 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Scapherpetontidae |
Bei den Amphibien aus der marinen Fox Hills Formation handelt es sich höchstwahrscheinlich nicht um Meeresbewohner. Die durchlässige Haut der Amphibien ist für Osmose und häufig auch Hautatmung wichtig. In Meerwasser führt das starke osmotische Gefälle schnell zu Austrocknung. Auch Eier und aquatische Larven vieler Arten sind gegenüber dem hohen Salzgehalt des Meerwassers stark empfindlich. Es ist somit sehr wahrscheinlich, dass die hier genannten Amphibien aus Flüssen ins Meer geschwemmt wurden.40Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2007). Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 427, 239–256. doi:10.1130/2007.2427(18)
Knochenfische:

WICHTIG: Manche Fische sind nur durch sogenannte Otholithen, also Ohrsteine bekannt, die zwar häufig eine ungefähre systematische Einordnung und damit Rückschlüsse auf die Verwandtschaft ihrer einstigen Besitzer ermöglichen. Daraus ergibt sich auch eine ungefähre Ahnung zu ihrem Aussehen. Ihre genaue Größe und Details zu ihrer Körperform verraten die Ohrsteine jedoch nicht, sodass die Darstellungen hier teilweise sehr spekulativ sind.
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | „Holostean A“208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Semionotiformes (Unbenannter Knochenhecht) | |
| 2 | A. amnisinferos209Hilton, E. J. & Grande, L. (2023). Late Cretaceous sturgeons (Acipenseridae) from North America, with two new species from the Tanis site in the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 97(1), 189–217. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.81 A. cf. amnisinferos (?)209Hilton, E. J. & Grande, L. (2023). Late Cretaceous sturgeons (Acipenseridae) from North America, with two new species from the Tanis site in the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 97(1), 189–217. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.81 A. praeparatorum209Hilton, E. J. & Grande, L. (2023). Late Cretaceous sturgeons (Acipenseridae) from North America, with two new species from the Tanis site in the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 97(1), 189–217. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.81 „A.“ eruciferus129Estes, R. & Berberian, P. (1970). Paleoecology of a late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana. Breviora, 343, 1–35.210Hilton, E. J. & Grande, L. (2006). Review of the fossil record of sturgeons, family Acipenseridae (Actinopterygii: Acipenseriformes), from North America. Journal of Paleontology, 80(4), 672–683. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[672:ROTFRO]2.0.CO;2 cf. sp. (?)16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.145 |
Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
68 Ma bis heute | selten | Acipenseridae (Stör); „A.“ eruciferus: Nomen dubium |
|
| 3 |
Acronichthys
|
A. sp.211Brinkman, D. B. et al. (2025). Moderate extinctions and slow recovery of non-marine teleost fishes across the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, with a systematic appraisal of early Paleocene teleost fishes from Saskatchewan, Canada and Montana, USA. Palaeontologia Electronica, 28(2), a28, 1–54. doi:10.26879/1559 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Acronichthyidae |
| 4 |
Anchiacipenser
|
A. acanthaspis212Sato, H. et al. (2018). A rare, articulated sturgeon (Chondrostei: Acipenseriformes) from the Upper Cretaceous of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 38(4), (1)-(15). doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1488137209Hilton, E. J. & Grande, L. (2023). Late Cretaceous sturgeons (Acipenseridae) from North America, with two new species from the Tanis site in the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 97(1), 189–217. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.81 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Acipenseridae (Stör) |
| 5 |
Atractosteus
|
A. cf. occidentalis (?)85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49. | Laramie Formation | USA (Colorado) | 68 Ma bis heute | selten | Lepisosteidae (Knichenhecht) |
| 6 |
Belonostomus
|
B. longirostris59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.145208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09)213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Aspidorhynchidae |
| 7 |
Coriops
|
C. amnicolus59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online129Estes, R. & Berberian, P. (1970). Paleoecology of a late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana. Breviora, 343, 1–35.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) C. sp.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Osteoglossomorpha (Knochenzüngler) |
| 8 | C. fragosus59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online129Estes, R. & Berberian, P. (1970). Paleoecology of a late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana. Breviora, 343, 1–35.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09)213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Amiidae (Kahlhecht); synonym zu Amia fragosa und Kindleia fragosa |
|
| 9 |
Cylindracanthus
|
C. cf. ornatus (?)214Becker, M. A. et al. (2009). Osteichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota, USA. Cretaceous Research, 30(4), 1031–1040. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.03.006 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–68 Ma | selten | Actinopterygii (Strahlenflosser) |
| 10 |
Dakotaichthys
|
D. hogansoni215Schwarzhans, W. & Stringer, G. L. (2020). Fish otoliths from the late Maastrichtian Kemp Clay (Texas, USA) and the early Danian Clayton Formation (Arkansas, USA) and an assessment of extinction and survival of teleost lineages across the K-Pg boundary based on otoliths. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 126(2), 395–446. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/13425 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 70–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Gadidae (Dorsch) |
| 11 | E. cf. ferox (?)213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 E. ferox (?)150Woehr, D. A. (2007). Fossil collecting report: May 2007. Hinweis: Sammlerbericht; Bestimmungen vorläufig. Online E. gladiolus214Becker, M. A. et al. (2009). Osteichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota, USA. Cretaceous Research, 30(4), 1031–1040. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.03.006216Nelson, L. E., Murray, A. M. & Sims, M. E. (2026). A new species of Enchodus from the Western Interior Seaway of North America and a taxonomic revision of Enchodus dirus, Leidy, 1857. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 46(4), e2676733. doi:10.1080/02724634.2026.2676733 E. spp.213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310216Nelson, L. E., Murray, A. M. & Sims, M. E. (2026). A new species of Enchodus from the Western Interior Seaway of North America and a taxonomic revision of Enchodus dirus, Leidy, 1857. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 46(4), e2676733. doi:10.1080/02724634.2026.2676733 |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
75–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Enchodontidae | |
| 12 |
Estesesox
|
E. foxi218Wilson, M. V. H., Brinkman, D. B. & Neuman, A. G. (1992). Cretaceous Esocoidei (Teleostei): early radiation of the pikes in North American fresh waters. Journal of Paleontology, 66(5), 839–846.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) E. sp.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Esocoidei |
| 13 |
Eutawichthys
|
E. maastrichtiensis213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | Beryciformes (Schleimkopf) |
| 14 |
Hadrodus
|
H. sp.214Becker, M. A. et al. (2009). Osteichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota, USA. Cretaceous Research, 30(4), 1031–1040. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.03.006217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, South Dakota) |
75–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Hadrodontidae |
| 15 | L. sp.214Becker, M. A. et al. (2009). Osteichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota, USA. Cretaceous Research, 30(4), 1031–1040. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.03.006 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 75–68 Ma | sehr häufig | Lepisosteidae | |
| 16 | M. thomasi59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.145208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) M. sp.213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.031059Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.145208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
75–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Amiidae | |
| 17 |
Oldmanesox
|
O. sp.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Esocoidei |
| 18 | Pachyrhizodus | sp.219Loomis, F. B. (1915). A new mosasaur from the Fort Pierre. American Journal of Science, 39(233), 555–566. | Pierre Shale | USA (Wyoming) | 80–68 Ma | selten | Pachyrhizodontidae |
| 19 | P. wilsoni220Grande, L. & Bemis, W. E. (1991). Osteology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Fossil and Recent Paddlefishes (Polyodontidae) with Comments on the Interrelationships of Acipenseriformes. Memoir. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 1, ii. doi:10.2307/3889328208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Polyodontidae (Löffelstör) | |
| 20 |
Paralbula
|
P. casei213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398214Becker, M. A. et al. (2009). Osteichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota, USA. Cretaceous Research, 30(4), 1031–1040. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.03.006217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
75–68 Ma | selten | Phyllodontidae |
| 21 |
Parapsephurus
|
P. willybemisi221Hilton, E. J. et al. (2023). New paddlefishes (Acipenseriformes, Polyodontidae) from the Late Cretaceous Tanis Site of the Hell Creek Formation in North Dakota, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 97(3), 675–692. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.19 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 66 Ma | selten | Polyodontidae (Löffelstör) |
| 22 |
Paratarpon
|
P. sp. (?)213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–68 Ma | selten | Elopiformes (Tarpun) |
| 23 |
Phyllodus
|
P. paulkatoi222Estes, R. & Hiatt, R. W. (1978). Studies on fossil phyllodont fishes: interrelationships and evolution in the Phyllodontidae (Albuloidei). Copeia, 1978(2), 317–331.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09)39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Hell Creek Formation, Ferris Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
68–13 Ma | häufig | Phyllodontidae |
| 24 |
Platacodon
|
P. nanus59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online129Estes, R. & Berberian, P. (1970). Paleoecology of a late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana. Breviora, 343, 1–35.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
75–63 Ma | häufig | Sciaenidae (Umberfisch) |
| 25 |
Pollerspoeckia
|
P. siegsdorfensis213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–68 Ma | selten | Teleostei (Knochenfisch) |
| 26 |
Priscacara
|
P. sp.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–38 Ma | selten | Percomorphaceae (Barsch) |
| 27 |
Protoscaphirhynchus
|
P. squamosus223Wilimovsky, N. J. (1956). Protoscaphirhynchus squamosus, a new sturgeon from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana. Journal of Paleontology, 30(5), 1205–1208.210Hilton, E. J. & Grande, L. (2006). Review of the fossil record of sturgeons, family Acipenseridae (Actinopterygii: Acipenseriformes), from North America. Journal of Paleontology, 80(4), 672–683. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[672:ROTFRO]2.0.CO;2 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Acipenseridae (Stör) |
| 28 |
Protosphyraena
|
P. sp.213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | selten | Pachycormidae |
| 29 |
Pugiopsephurus
|
P. inundatus221Hilton, E. J. et al. (2023). New paddlefishes (Acipenseriformes, Polyodontidae) from the Late Cretaceous Tanis Site of the Hell Creek Formation in North Dakota, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 97(3), 675–692. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.19 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 66 Ma | selten | Polyodontidae (Löffelstör) |
| 30 |
Vorhisia
|
V. vulpes213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.39863Waage, K. M. (1968). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 1. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironments. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 27, 1–175. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | häufig | Actinopterygii (Strahlenflosser) |
| 31 | X. vetus213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 75–68 Ma | sehr häufig | Ichthyodectidae | |
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Acanthomorpha indet.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Stachelflosser | |
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Amiidae indet.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09)85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 | Hell Creek Formation, Ferris Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Kahlhechte | |
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Beryciformes indet. (?)214Becker, M. A. et al. (2009). Osteichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota, USA. Cretaceous Research, 30(4), 1031–1040. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.03.006 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–68 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Schleimkopfartige | |
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Hiodontidae indet.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Mondaugen | |
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Lepisosteidae indet.59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.145208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09)85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Laramie Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Knochenhechte | |
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Ostariophysi indet.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Ostariophysi | |
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Pachyrhizodontoidei indet.224Bryant, L. J. (1989). Non-dinosaurian lower vertebrates across the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in northeastern Montana. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 134, 1–107. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Pachyrhizodontoidei | |
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Percopsiformes indet.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09) | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Barschlachse | |
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Siluriformes indet. (?)214Becker, M. A. et al. (2009). Osteichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota, USA. Cretaceous Research, 30(4), 1031–1040. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.03.006 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–68 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Welsartige | |
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Teleostei indet.208Brinkman, D. B., Newbrey, M. G. & Neuman, A. G. (2014). Diversity and paleoecology of actinopterygian fish from vertebrate microfossil localities of the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 247–270. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(09)39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191150Woehr, D. A. (2007). Fossil collecting report: May 2007. Online213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398214Becker, M. A. et al. (2009). Osteichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota, USA. Cretaceous Research, 30(4), 1031–1040. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.03.006 | Hell Creek Formation, Ferris Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | unbestimmte Echte Knochenfische |
Die Bestimmung der Enchodus-Funde aus der Fox Hills Formation ist derzeit unsicher. E. gladiolus ist aus South Dakota nachgewiesen, während als E. ferox bestimmte Funde nur unter Vorbehalt dieser Art zugeordnet werden können. Frühere Nachweise von E. dirus sollten nur noch als Enchodus sp. geführt werden, da der Holotyp von E. dirus nicht diagnostisch ist. Einige dieser Funde könnten zu E. gladiolus gehören, eine sichere Neuzuordnung ist bislang jedoch nicht möglich.213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398214Becker, M. A. et al. (2009). Osteichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota, USA. Cretaceous Research, 30(4), 1031–1040. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.03.006216Nelson, L. E., Murray, A. M. & Sims, M. E. (2026). A new species of Enchodus from the Western Interior Seaway of North America and a taxonomic revision of Enchodus dirus, Leidy, 1857. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 46(4), e2676733. doi:10.1080/02724634.2026.2676733
Pachyrhizodus sp. ist aus dem Pierre Shale belegt, allerdings auf Gattungsebene bestimmt nur aus campanischen Einheiten.219Loomis, F. B. (1915). A new mosasaur from the Fort Pierre. American Journal of Science, 39(233), 555–566. Er wird hier dennoch mit aufgeführt, da die Gattung nachweislich das spätkreidezeitliche Massenaussterben überlebte und auch aus dem Paläozän von Illinois belegt ist.225Holman, J. A. (2002). Paleocene turtles and crocodilians directly above the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary in Pulaski County, Illinois. Michigan Academician, 34(2), 163–174. Da bislang unbestimmte Pachyrhizodontidae auch aus den marinen Fazies der Hell Creek Formation überliefert sind,224Bryant, L. J. (1989). Non-dinosaurian lower vertebrates across the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in northeastern Montana. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 134, 1–107. ist eine Präsenz dieses spektakulären Fisches auch in den Küstengewässern des schwindenden Pierre Seaway plausibel, auch wenn ein direkter Fossilbeleg noch fehlt.

Knorpelfische:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Archaeotriakis
|
A. rochelleae213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota) |
75–68 Ma | häufig | Pseudotriakidae (Falscher Katzenhai) |
| 2 |
Carcharias
|
C. samhammeri213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2 C. sp.227Hoganson, J. W., Campbell, J. M. & Murphy, E. C. (1994). Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Stumpf site, Morton County, North Dakota. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Sciences, 48, 95. |
Hell Creek Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
68 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Carchariidae (Sandhai) ? |
| 3 |
Cenocarcharias
|
C. cf. tenuiplicatus (?)213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | ca. 72–68 Ma | sehr häufig | Odontaspididae (Sandhai) |
| 4 |
Chiloscyllium
|
C. sp.228Cook, T. D. et al. (2014). Euselachians from the freshwater deposits of the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 229–246. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(08) | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68 Ma bis heute | selten | Hemiscylliidae (Bambushai) ? |
| 5 |
Cretalamna
|
C. feldmanni213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota) |
75–48 Ma | sehr häufig | Otodontidae (Hai) |
| 6 |
Cretorectolobus
|
C. olsoni213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota) |
75–68 Ma | häufig | Orectolobidae (Teppichhai) |
| 7 |
Dasyatis
|
D. northdakotaensis213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 D. sp.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310 |
Ferris Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, North Dakota, Wyoming) |
100 Ma bis heute | häufig | Dasyatidae (Stechrochen) ? |
| 8 | G. nordquistae229Gates, T. A., Gorscak, E. & Makovicky, P. J. (2019). New sharks and other chondrichthyans from the latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of North America. Journal of Paleontology, 93(3), 512–530. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.92 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Orectolobiformes (Teppichhai) | |
| 9 |
Galeorhinus
|
G. girardoti213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
86 Ma bis heute | häufig | Triakidae (Glatthai) |
| 10 |
Ginglymostoma
|
G. lehneri230Woehr, D. A. (2009). Fossil Collecting Report 2009. Online G. sp.213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 106 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Ginglymostomatidae (Ammenhai) |
| 11 |
Ischyodus
|
I. rayhaasi213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398231Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2015). Ischyodus rayhaasi (Chimaeroidei; Callorhynchidae) from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation of Northeastern Colorado, USA. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 118(1 & 2), 27–40. doi:10.1660/062.118.0104232Hoganson, J. W. & Erickson, J. M. (2005). A new species of Ischyodus (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali: Callorhynchidae) from Upper Maastrichtian shallow marine facies of the Fox Hills and Hell Creek formations, Williston Basin, North Dakota, USA. Palaeontology, 48(4), 709–721. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00475.x I. spp. (?)231Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2015). Ischyodus rayhaasi (Chimaeroidei; Callorhynchidae) from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation of Northeastern Colorado, USA. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 118(1 & 2), 27–40. doi:10.1660/062.118.0104 |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota) |
ca. 75–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Chimaeriformes (Seekatze) |
| 12 | I. avonicola213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2 I. mira150Woehr, D. A. (2007). Fossil collecting report: May 2007. Online213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
75–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Sclerorhynchidae; I. avonicola: Synonym zu I. monasterica |
|
| 13 |
Lonchidion
|
L. selachos129Estes, R. & Berberian, P. (1970). Paleoecology of a late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana. Breviora, 343, 1–35.59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 L. sp. (?)226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2233Cicimurri, D. J. (1998). Fossil elasmobranchs of the Cretaceous System (Neocomian–Maastrichtian), Black Hills region, South Dakota and Wyoming. M. S. thesis, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City. |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Laramie Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
69–66 Ma | häufig | Lonchidiidae (Hybodonter Hai) |
| 14 | M. bipartitus59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49.226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.39863Waage, K. M. (1968). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 1. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironments. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 27, 1–175. Online M. pustulosus16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.145228Cook, T. D. et al. (2014). Euselachians from the freshwater deposits of the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 229–246. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(08)39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 M. sp.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Laramie Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–62 Ma | sehr häufig | Rhinobatidae (Geigenrochen) | |
| 15 |
Myliobatis
|
M. foxhillsensis (?)213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | ca. 72–68 Ma | selten | Myliobatidae (Adlerrochen) |
| 16 |
Odontaspis
|
O. aculeatus213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
137 Ma bis heute | häufig | Odontaspididae (Sandhai) |
| 17 |
Palaeogaleus
|
P. navarroensis213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310 P. sp.226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2 |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
75–66 Ma | selten | Triakidae (Glattthai) |
| 18 |
Paranomotodon
|
P. toddi213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | Alopiidae (Fuchshai); synonym zu Anomotodon toddi |
| 19 |
Paraorthacodus
|
P. andersoni213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | ca. 72–68 Ma | sehr häufig | Paraorthacodontidae |
| 20 |
Plicatoscyllium
|
P. derameei213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota) |
75–38 Ma | häufig | Plicatoscylliidae (Katzenhai) |
| 21 |
Protoginglymostoma
|
P. estesi228Cook, T. D. et al. (2014). Euselachians from the freshwater deposits of the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 229–246. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(08) | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–38 Ma | selten | Ginglymostomatidae (Ammenhai) |
| 22 |
Protoplatyrhina
|
P. renae213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | selten | Rhinobatidae (Gitarrenrochen) |
| 23 |
Pseudohypolophus
|
P. mcnultyi213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
75–66 Ma | selten | Rhinobatoidei (Geigenrochen) |
| 24 |
Pseudomyledaphus
|
P. sp.217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado) | 75–69 Ma | sehr häufig | Rhinobatoidei (Geigenrochen) |
| 25 |
Ptychotrygon
|
P. cf. vermiculata (?)226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 P. greybullensis213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310 P. winni213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310 P. sp.217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310 |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
75–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Ptychotrygonidae (Scheinsägerochen) |
| 26 | R. americana16Pearson, D. A. et al. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 145–167. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.145228Cook, T. D. et al. (2014). Euselachians from the freshwater deposits of the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 229–246. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(08)59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49.39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 R. monocuspilatus39Wroblewski, A. F. (2026). Systematics and biostratigraphy of non-mammalian vertebrates across the K/Pg transition, southern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Paleontology, 100(1), 222–250. doi:10.1017/jpa.2025.10191 |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Ferris Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Orectolobidae (Teppichhai) | |
| 27 |
Rhombodus
|
R. levis213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2 R. sp. (?)213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
75–59 Ma | sehr häufig | Rhombodontidae |
| 28 |
Scapanorhynchus
|
S. sp.227Hoganson, J. W., Campbell, J. M. & Murphy, E. C. (1994). Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Stumpf site, Morton County, North Dakota. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Sciences, 48, 95. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 75–66 Ma | häufig | Mitsukurinidae (Koboldhai) ? |
| 29 |
Sclerorhynchus
|
S. sp.226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | häufig | Sclerorhynchidae (Scheinsägerochen) |
| 30 |
Serratolamna |
S. serrata213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
75–41 Ma | sehr häufig | Serratolamnidae (Makrelenhai) |
| 31 | S. pristodontus213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 75–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Anacoracidae (Makrelenhai) | |
| 32 |
Squalus
|
S. ballingsloevensis213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 S. sp.213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | selten | Squalidae (Dornhai) |
| 33 |
Squatina
|
S. hassei213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
158 Ma bis heute | häufig | Squatinidae (Engelhai); S. hassei: Synonym Cretorectolobus cf. olsoni |
| 34 |
Synechodus
|
S. turneri213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–68 Ma | sehr häufig | Palaeospinacidae |
| 35 |
Texatrygon
|
T. avonicola59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online85Carpenter, K. (1979). Vertebrate fauna of the Laramie Formation (Maestrichtian), Weld County, Colorado. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 17(1), 37–49. | Lance Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (Colorado, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Ptychotrygonidae (Scheinsägerochen) |
| 36 |
Tomewingia
|
T. cf. problematica (?)226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | selten | Rajiformes (Rochen); Familie unsicher; synonym zu Ewingia |
| 37 |
Walteraja
|
W. exigua213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–68 Ma | selten | Rajidae (Rochen) |
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Carcharhinidae indet.229Gates, T. A., Gorscak, E. & Makovicky, P. J. (2019). New sharks and other chondrichthyans from the latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of North America. Journal of Paleontology, 93(3), 512–530. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.92 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Requiemhaie | |
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Chimaeriformes indet.213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–68 Ma | selten | umbestimmte Seekatzen | |
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Chondrichthyes indet.213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Knorpelfische | |
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Hybodontiformes indet.213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–68 Ma | sehr häufig | Hybodontiformes | |
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Orectolobiformes indet.226Becker, M. A., Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. & Terry, D. O., Jr. (2004). Chondrichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(4), 780–793. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2233Cicimurri, D. J. (1998). Fossil elasmobranchs of the Cretaceous System (Neocomian–Maastrichtian), Black Hills region, South Dakota and Wyoming. M. S. thesis, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City. | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66Ma | selten | unbestimmte Teppichhaie | |
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Rhinobatidae indet.213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Geigenrochen |
Bei einigen Knorpelfischen der Fox Hills Formation ist die taxonomische Einordnung seit ihrer Erstbeschreibung verändert oder weiterhin umstritten. Cenocarcharias cf. tenuiplicatus wird in der Literatur alternativ als Eostriatolamia tenuiplicatus geführt, da die Abgrenzung der beiden Gattungen unterschiedlich beurteilt wird. Ältere, als Mylognathus priscus bestimmte Zahnplatten wurden später Ischyodus rayhaasi zugeordnet. Myledaphus sp. aus North Dakota ist dagegen nicht mit dem separat aus Colorado nachgewiesenen Pseudomyledaphus sp. gleichzusetzen. Bei „Myliobatis“ foxhillsensis ist bereits die Gattungszuordnung unsicher. Ältere Nachweise von Ptychotrygon triangularis aus North Dakota wurden später P. winni zugeordnet, während Tomewingia cf. problematica in älterer Literatur noch als Ewingia cf. problematica geführt wurde. Besondere Vorsicht ist schließlich bei dem historischen Nachweis von Squatirhina sp. geboten: Vergleichbare nordamerikanische Funde wurden inzwischen teilweise der Gattung Restesia zugeordnet, eine entsprechende Revision des Materials aus der Fox Hills Formation liegt jedoch bislang nicht vor.213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398217Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2022). First Report of Elasmobranchii and Osteichthyans from the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous), Poison Springs Locality, Northeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 125(3–4). doi:10.1660/062.125.0310231Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Everhart, M. J. (2015). Ischyodus rayhaasi (Chimaeroidei; Callorhynchidae) from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation of Northeastern Colorado, USA. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 118(1 & 2), 27–40. doi:10.1660/062.118.0104215Schwarzhans, W. & Stringer, G. L. (2020). Fish otoliths from the late Maastrichtian Kemp Clay (Texas, USA) and the early Danian Clayton Formation (Arkansas, USA) and an assessment of extinction and survival of teleost lineages across the K-Pg boundary based on otoliths. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 126(2), 395–446. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/1342562Chamberlain, J. A., Jr., Knoll, K. & Sertich, J. J. W. (2023). Non-avian theropod phalanges from the marine Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), western South Dakota, USA. PeerJ, 11, e14665. doi:10.7717/peerj.14665180Cifelli, R. L. et al. (2004). Mammalian Biochronology of the Latest Cretaceous. In Woodburne, M. O. (Hg.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology. Columbia University Press, 21–42. Online Ein aus der Fox Hills Formation beschriebener Hai, der in der betreffenden Arbeit als Hybodus sp. beschrieben wurde, ist hier als Hybodontiformes indet. geführt. Die Gattung Hybodus ist ein Mülleimertaxon, dem historisch viele Haie, darunter auch etliche Zahntaxa aus dem gesamten Mesozoikum zugeordnet wurden. Heute wird sie aber auf den Jura beschränkt, sodass der Fox Hills-Hybodus sicher nicht zu dieser Gattung gehört.213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398
Stachelhäuter:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Coulonia
|
C. sp.234Berry, K. & Lucas, S. G. (2017). An astropectinid sea star from the early Maastrichtian Pierre Shale in Southern Colorado, USA, and the extinction of inoceramid bivalves. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie – Abhandlungen, 286(2), 159–168. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2017/0692 | Pierre Shale | USA (Colorado) | 71–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Astropectinidae (Seestern) |
| 2 |
Eurysalenia
|
E. minima235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. doi:10.1111/let.12396236Rendall, B. E., Erickson, J. M. & Hoganson, J. W. (2010). New, rare echinoid records from the Pierre–Fox Hills transition (Late Cretaceous: Campanian–Maastrichtian) in the Williston Basin. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 249. Online | Pierre Shale | USA (Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming) |
77–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Glyphocyphidae (Seeigel) |
| 3 |
Hardouinia
|
H. aequorea237Cooke, C. W. (1953). American Upper Cretaceous Echinoidea. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 254-A, 1–44. doi:10.3133/pp254a H. micrococcus237Cooke, C. W. (1953). American Upper Cretaceous Echinoidea. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 254-A, 1–44. doi:10.3133/pp254a H. mortonis237Cooke, C. W. (1953). American Upper Cretaceous Echinoidea. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 254-A, 1–44. doi:10.3133/pp254a H. waagei236Rendall, B. E., Erickson, J. M. & Hoganson, J. W. (2010). New, rare echinoid records from the Pierre–Fox Hills transition (Late Cretaceous: Campanian–Maastrichtian) in the Williston Basin. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 249. Online |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 80–56 Ma | häufig | Faujasiidae (Seeigel); Synonym: Cassidulus intermedius; Synonyme: Cassidulus porrectus, Hardouinia porrecta |
| 4 |
Hemiaster
|
H. bexari237Cooke, C. W. (1953). American Upper Cretaceous Echinoidea. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 254-A, 1–44. doi:10.3133/pp254a H. humphreysanus235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. doi:10.1111/let.12396236Rendall, B. E., Erickson, J. M. & Hoganson, J. W. (2010). New, rare echinoid records from the Pierre–Fox Hills transition (Late Cretaceous: Campanian–Maastrichtian) in the Williston Basin. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 249. Online |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota) |
120 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Hemiasteridae (Herzigel) |
| 5 |
Pseudholaster
|
P. sp.236Rendall, B. E., Erickson, J. M. & Hoganson, J. W. (2010). New, rare echinoid records from the Pierre–Fox Hills transition (Late Cretaceous: Campanian–Maastrichtian) in the Williston Basin. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 249. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–68 Ma | Einzelfund | Holasteridae (Seeigel) |
Der Seestern NMMNH P-78593 stammt aus dem oberen Pierre Shale im südlichen Colorado (frühes Maastrichtium). Die Zuordnung zur Gattung Coulonia ist vorläufig; eine Bestimmung als Coulonia platyspina wird hier nicht übernommen. Eurysalenia minima und Hemiaster humphreysanus besitzen neben campanischen auch maastrichtische Nachweise. Die Altersangaben sind gerundete Näherungen aus den jeweils angegebenen Schichten beziehungsweise Ammonitenzonen. Die sehr hohe Häufigkeit von Eurysalenia beruht insbesondere auf den zahlreichen Gehäusen aus Wyoming. Der Nachweis von Hemiaster humphreysanus stammt direkt aus dem Übergangsraum vom Pierre Shale in die Fox Hills Formation. Er kann also beiden Formationen zugeordnet werden.236Rendall, B. E., Erickson, J. M. & Hoganson, J. W. (2010). New, rare echinoid records from the Pierre–Fox Hills transition (Late Cretaceous: Campanian–Maastrichtian) in the Williston Basin. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 249. Online
Die historische Zuordnung von Scutellaster cretaceus aus der Fox Hills Formation ist nicht zu sichern: Bereits die Herkunft des Typus ist zweifelhaft. Sogar eine eingeschleppte Herkunft von der Westküste ist nicht unwahrscheinlich.237Cooke, C. W. (1953). American Upper Cretaceous Echinoidea. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 254-A, 1–44. doi:10.3133/pp254a
Gliederfüßer:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Bournelyreidus
|
B. oaheensis238Bishop, G. A. (1978). Two new crabs, Sodakus tatankayotankaensis n. gen., n. sp. and Raninella oaheensis n. sp. (Crustacea, Decapoda), from the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale of South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 52(3), 608–617.239Karasawa, H. et al. (2014). Phylogeny and classification of Raninoida (Decapoda: Brachyura). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 34(2), 216–272. doi:10.1163/1937240X-00002216240Crawford, R. S. et al. (2006). Decapod Crustaceans from the Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 47(1), 3–28. doi:10.3374/0079-032X(2006)47[3:DCFTMF]2.0.CO;2 | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (South Dakota) | 77–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Lyreididae (Krabbe); synonym zu Raninella oaheensis |
| 2 |
Callianassa
|
C. sp.241Bishop, G. A. (1981). Occurrence and fossilization of the Dakoticancer Assemblage, Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, South Dakota. In Gray, J., Boucot, A. J. & Berry, W. B. N. (Hg.), Communities of the Past. Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg. Belegstelle: S. 383–413. | Pierre Shale | USA (South Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Axiidea (Zehnfußkrebs) |
| 3 |
Callichirus
|
C. waagei240Crawford, R. S. et al. (2006). Decapod Crustaceans from the Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 47(1), 3–28. doi:10.3374/0079-032X(2006)47[3:DCFTMF]2.0.CO;2 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 72–68 Ma | Einzelfund | Callichiridae (Grabkrebs) |
| 4 |
Carabites
|
C. russelli242Northrop, S. A. (1928). Beetles from the Fox Hills Cretaceous strata of South Dakota; with an appendix by T. D. A. Cockerell. American Journal of Science, s5–15(85), 28–38. doi:10.2475/ajs.s5-15.85.28 C. sp.242Northrop, S. A. (1928). Beetles from the Fox Hills Cretaceous strata of South Dakota; with an appendix by T. D. A. Cockerell. American Journal of Science, s5–15(85), 28–38. doi:10.2475/ajs.s5-15.85.28 |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 72–68 Ma | selten | Carabidae (Laufkäfer) |
| 5 |
Casterolimulus
|
C. kletti243Holland, F. D. Jr., Erickson, J. M. & O’Brien, D. E. (1975). Casterolimulus: a new Late Cretaceous generic link in limulid lineage. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 67(287), 235–249. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–68 Ma | Einzelfund | Limulidae (Pfeilschwanzkrebs) |
| 6 |
Cenomanocarcinus
|
C. siouxensis240Crawford, R. S. et al. (2006). Decapod Crustaceans from the Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 47(1), 3–28. doi:10.3374/0079-032X(2006)47[3:DCFTMF]2.0.CO;2 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–68 Ma | Einzelfund | Cenomanocarcinidae (Krabbe); Synonym: Necrocarcinus siouxensis |
| 7 | C. strongi244Wilf, P. et al. (2000). Timing the Radiations of Leaf Beetles: Hispines on Gingers from Latest Cretaceous to Recent. Science, 289(5477), 291–294. doi:10.1126/science.289.5477.291 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Fraßspur eines Käfers auf Ingwerblatt | |
| 8 |
Corydalites
|
C. fecundum245Scudder, S. H. (1878). An account of some insects of unusual interest from the Tertiary rocks of Colorado and Wyoming. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 4, 519–543. | Laramie Formation | USA (Colorado) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Fossiles Eigelege eines Insekts; vielleicht von einem Großflügler (Megaloptera) |
| 9 |
Curculionites
|
C. hylobioides242Northrop, S. A. (1928). Beetles from the Fox Hills Cretaceous strata of South Dakota; with an appendix by T. D. A. Cockerell. American Journal of Science, s5–15(85), 28–38. doi:10.2475/ajs.s5-15.85.28 C. northropi242Northrop, S. A. (1928). Beetles from the Fox Hills Cretaceous strata of South Dakota; with an appendix by T. D. A. Cockerell. American Journal of Science, s5–15(85), 28–38. doi:10.2475/ajs.s5-15.85.28 C. vulpinus242Northrop, S. A. (1928). Beetles from the Fox Hills Cretaceous strata of South Dakota; with an appendix by T. D. A. Cockerell. American Journal of Science, s5–15(85), 28–38. doi:10.2475/ajs.s5-15.85.28 C. sp.242Northrop, S. A. (1928). Beetles from the Fox Hills Cretaceous strata of South Dakota; with an appendix by T. D. A. Cockerell. American Journal of Science, s5–15(85), 28–38. doi:10.2475/ajs.s5-15.85.28 |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 72–68 Ma | selten | Curculionidae (Rüsselkäfer) |
| 10 |
Dakotaeschnidium
|
D. spedeni246Nel, A. (2021). Maastrichtian representatives of the dragonfly family Aeschnidiidae question the entomofaunal turnover of the early Late Cretaceous. Palaeoentomology, 4(3), 209–212. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.3.5 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 72–68 Ma | Einzelfund | Aeschnidiidae (Libelle) |
| 11 |
Dakoticancer
|
D. overanus241Bishop, G. A. (1981). Occurrence and fossilization of the Dakoticancer Assemblage, Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, South Dakota. In Gray, J., Boucot, A. J. & Berry, W. B. N. (Hg.), Communities of the Past. Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg. Belegstelle: S. 383–413. | Pierre Shale | USA (South Dakota) | 75–69 Ma | sehr häufig | Dakoticancridae (Krabbe) |
| 12 |
Ekalakia
|
E. exophthalmops247Feldmann, R. M., Schweitzer, C. E. & Wahl, W. R. (2008). Ekalakia (Decapoda: Brachyura): the preservation of eyes links Cretaceous crabs to Jurassic ancestors. Journal of Paleontology, 82(5), 1030–1034. doi:10.1666/08-006.1 E. lamberti247Feldmann, R. M., Schweitzer, C. E. & Wahl, W. R. (2008). Ekalakia (Decapoda: Brachyura): the preservation of eyes links Cretaceous crabs to Jurassic ancestors. Journal of Paleontology, 82(5), 1030–1034. doi:10.1666/08-006.1 |
Pierre Shale | USA (Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming) |
73–69 Ma | selten | Glaessneropsidae (Krabbe) |
| 13 |
Elektrocarcinus
|
E. pierrensis241Bishop, G. A. (1981). Occurrence and fossilization of the Dakoticancer Assemblage, Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, South Dakota. In Gray, J., Boucot, A. J. & Berry, W. B. N. (Hg.), Communities of the Past. Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg. Belegstelle: S. 383–413.248Schweitzer, C. E. et al. (2016). Phylogeny and Classification of Necrocarcinoidea Förster, 1968 (Brachyura: Raninoida) with the Description of Two New Genera. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 36(3), 338–372. doi:10.1163/1937240X-00002432 | Pierre Shale | USA (South Dakota) | 75–69 Ma | sehr häufig | Necrocarcinidae (Krabbe); synonym zu Necrocarcinus pierrensis |
| 14 |
Hoploparia
|
H. spp.238Bishop, G. A. (1978). Two new crabs, Sodakus tatankayotankaensis n. gen., n. sp. and Raninella oaheensis n. sp. (Crustacea, Decapoda), from the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale of South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 52(3), 608–617.241Bishop, G. A. (1981). Occurrence and fossilization of the Dakoticancer Assemblage, Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, South Dakota. In Gray, J., Boucot, A. J. & Berry, W. B. N. (Hg.), Communities of the Past. Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg. Belegstelle: S. 383–413.240Crawford, R. S. et al. (2006). Decapod Crustaceans from the Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 47(1), 3–28. doi:10.3374/0079-032X(2006)47[3:DCFTMF]2.0.CO;2 | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
76–66 Ma | häufig | Nephropidae (Hummer) |
| 15 |
Latheticocarcinus
|
L. punctatus249Feldmann, R. M. & Schweitzer, C. E. (2015). Latheticocarcinus punctatus (Rathbun, 1917) (Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Ranch 777 site, Custer County, South Dakota, USA. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 41, 1–5. L. shapiroi250Bishop, G. A. (1988). New fossil crabs, Plagiophthalmus izetti, Latheticocarcinus shapiroi, and Sagittiformosus carabus (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Western Interior Cretaceous, U. S. A. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101, 375–381.240Crawford, R. S. et al. (2006). Decapod Crustaceans from the Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 47(1), 3–28. doi:10.3374/0079-032X(2006)47[3:DCFTMF]2.0.CO;2 |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
76–68 Ma | sehr häufig | Homolidae (Krabbe); synonym zu Homolopsis punctata und Hoplitocarcinus punctatus; Synonyme von L. shapiroi: Hoplitocarcinus shapiroi, Homola shapiroi |
| 16 |
Mesojassoides
|
M. gigantea251Oman, P. W. (1937). Fossil Hemiptera from the Fox Hills sandstone (Cretaceous) of Colorado. Journal of Paleontology, 11(1), 38. | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado) | 72–68 Ma | Einzelfund | Cicadellidae (Zwergzikade) |
| 17 |
Palaeonephrops
|
P. browni241Bishop, G. A. (1981). Occurrence and fossilization of the Dakoticancer Assemblage, Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, South Dakota. In Gray, J., Boucot, A. J. & Berry, W. B. N. (Hg.), Communities of the Past. Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg. Belegstelle: S. 383–413. | Pierre Shale | USA (South Dakota) | 75–69 Ma | selten | Nephropidae (Hummer) |
| 18 |
Sodakus
|
S. tatankayotankaensis238Bishop, G. A. (1978). Two new crabs, Sodakus tatankayotankaensis n. gen., n. sp. and Raninella oaheensis n. sp. (Crustacea, Decapoda), from the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale of South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 52(3), 608–617. | Pierre Shale | USA (South Dakota) | 71–70 Ma | selten | Ibericancridae (Krebs) |
| 19 |
Vespridromites
|
V. dawsonensis252Bishop, G. A. (1973). Homolopsis dawsonensis: a new crab (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of Cedar Creek Anticline, eastern Montana. Journal of Paleontology, 47(1), 19–20.253Schweitzer, C. E. & Feldmann, R. M. (2011). Revision of some fossil podotrematous Brachyura (Homolodromiidae; Longodromitidae; Torynommidae). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie – Abhandlungen, 260(2), 237–256. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0138 | Pierre Shale | USA (Montana) | 72–69 Ma | selten | Longodromitidae (Krabbe); synonym zu Homolopsis dawsonensis und Dioratiopus dawsonensis |
| 20 |
Zygastrocarcinus
|
Z. mendryki254Bishop, G. A. (1982). Homolopsis mendryki: a new fossil crab (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Late Cretaceous Dakoticancer assemblage, Pierre Shale (Maastrichtian) of South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 56(1), 221–225.255Bishop, G. A. (1986). A new crab, Zygastrocarcinus cardsmithi (Crustacea, Decapoda), from the lower Pierre Shale, southeastern Montana. Journal of Paleontology, 60(5), 1092–1099. | Pierre Shale | USA (South Dakota) | 71–70 Ma | selten | Homolidae (Krabbe); synonym zu Homolopsis mendryki |
| Aeschnidiidae indet.246Nel, A. (2021). Maastrichtian representatives of the dragonfly family Aeschnidiidae question the entomofaunal turnover of the early Late Cretaceous. Palaeoentomology, 4(3), 209–212. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.3.5 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 68–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Libellen | ||
| Brachycera indet.256DePalma, R. et al. (2010). Preliminary notes on the first recorded amber insects from the Hell Creek Formation. The Journal of Paleontological Sciences, C.10.0001, 1–7. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Fliegen | ||
| Coreidae indet.251Oman, P. W. (1937). Fossil Hemiptera from the Fox Hills sandstone (Cretaceous) of Colorado. Journal of Paleontology, 11(1), 38. | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado) | 72–68 Ma | Einzelfund | Coreidae (Randwanze) | ||
| Decapoda indet.240Crawford, R. S. et al. (2006). Decapod Crustaceans from the Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 47(1), 3–28. doi:10.3374/0079-032X(2006)47[3:DCFTMF]2.0.CO;2 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | Decapoda (Zehnfußkrebs) | ||
| Diptera indet.256DePalma, R. et al. (2010). Preliminary notes on the first recorded amber insects from the Hell Creek Formation. The Journal of Paleontological Sciences, C.10.0001, 1–7. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Zweiflügler | ||
| Hemiphlebiidae indet. (?)257Nel, A., DePalma, R. A. & Engel, M. S. (2010). A possible hemiphlebiid damselfly in Late Cretaceous amber from South Dakota (Odonata: Zygoptera). Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 113(3–4), 231–234. doi:10.1660/062.113.0312 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Kleinlibellen | ||
| Nematocera indet.256DePalma, R. et al. (2010). Preliminary notes on the first recorded amber insects from the Hell Creek Formation. The Journal of Paleontological Sciences, C.10.0001, 1–7. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Mücken |
Die unbestimmten Brachycera, Nematocera und Diptera sowie der mögliche Vertreter der Hemiphlebiidae sind aus Bernsteineinschlüssen der oberen Hell Creek Formation in South Dakota bekannt. In etwa 400 Gramm Bernstein wurden insgesamt 22 vollständige oder fragmentarische Insekten entdeckt, die mindestens elf unterschiedliche Morphotypen repräsentieren.256DePalma, R. et al. (2010). Preliminary notes on the first recorded amber insects from the Hell Creek Formation. The Journal of Paleontological Sciences, C.10.0001, 1–7. Aus der bereits paläozänen Fort Union Formation in Montana stammen außerdem Fraßspuren eines bislang unbestimmten Vertreters der Gracillariidae (Miniermotten). Da diese Tiergruppe auch schon im Mesozoikum vorkam, ist es sehr wahrscheinlich, dass sie auch bereits an den Gestaden des kreidezeitlichen Binnenmeers lebte und bislang bloß noch nicht nachgewiesen ist.
Carabites und Curculionites aus der Fox Hills Formation werden mit den historischen Bestimmungen geführt. Die Vergleichsnamen moderner Käfergattungen in der Originalbeschreibung sind keine gesicherten Neubestimmungen. Die unbestimmten Käferreste stehen jeweils hinter den benannten Arten.242Northrop, S. A. (1928). Beetles from the Fox Hills Cretaceous strata of South Dakota; with an appendix by T. D. A. Cockerell. American Journal of Science, s5–15(85), 28–38. doi:10.2475/ajs.s5-15.85.28 Ophiomorpha ist zudem eine Spurgattung; der darin gefundene Callichirus waagei wird als Körperfossil separat geführt. Die nur anhand von Bohrspuren gemeldeten Rankenfußkrebse werden nicht als gesicherter Körperfossilnachweis ergänzt.240Crawford, R. S. et al. (2006). Decapod Crustaceans from the Maastrichtian Fox Hills Formation. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 47(1), 3–28. doi:10.3374/0079-032X(2006)47[3:DCFTMF]2.0.CO;2258Cvancara, A. M. (1976). Geology of the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous) in the Williston Basin of North Dakota, with reference to uranium potential. North Dakota Geological Survey, Report of Investigation, 55, 1–16. Online
Kopffüßer:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Actinosepia
|
A. landmani259Larson, N. L. (2010). Fossil coleoids from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian & Maastrichtian) of the Western Interior. Ferrantia, 59, 78–113. Online A. mapesi259Larson, N. L. (2010). Fossil coleoids from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian & Maastrichtian) of the Western Interior. Ferrantia, 59, 78–113. Online |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
69–67 Ma | häufig | Actinosepiidae (Tintenfisch); A. landmani: synonym zu A. canadensis |
| 2 |
Baculites
|
B. baculus260Sealey, P. L., Berry, K. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). The Campanian-Maastrichtian baculite zonal sequence in the Pierre Shale, Berwind Canyon, Las Animas County, Colorado. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 81–88. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.81261Sealey, P. L. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). Baculites baculus Meek and Hayden, 1861 (earliest Maastrichtian) from the uppermost Pierre Shale in the Raton Basin of northeastern New Mexico and its significance. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 73–80. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.73 B. clinolobatus260Sealey, P. L., Berry, K. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). The Campanian-Maastrichtian baculite zonal sequence in the Pierre Shale, Berwind Canyon, Las Animas County, Colorado. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 81–88. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.81 B. grandis260Sealey, P. L., Berry, K. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). The Campanian-Maastrichtian baculite zonal sequence in the Pierre Shale, Berwind Canyon, Las Animas County, Colorado. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 81–88. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.81 B. larsoni262Cobban, W. A. & Kennedy, W. J. (1992). The last Western Interior Baculites from the Fox Hills Formation of South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 66(4), 682–684. Online B. ovatus263Cobban, W. A. et al. (2006). A USGS zonal table for the Upper Cretaceous middle Cenomanian–Maastrichtian of the Western Interior of the United States based on ammonites, inoceramids, and radiometric ages. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2006–1250. doi:10.3133/ofr20061250 B. spp.264Kennedy, W. J. et al. (1998). Marine connections in North America during the late Maastrichtian: palaeogeographic and palaeobiogeographic significance ofJeletzkytes nebrascensisZone cephalopod fauna from the Elk Butte Member of the Pierre Shale, SE South Dakota and NE Nebraska. Cretaceous Research, 19(6), 745–775. doi:10.1006/cres.1998.0129 |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
75–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Baculitidae (Ammonit) |
| 3 |
Belemnitella
|
B. badlandsensis265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 B. cf. bulbosa264Kennedy, W. J. et al. (1998). Marine connections in North America during the late Maastrichtian: palaeogeographic and palaeobiogeographic significance ofJeletzkytes nebrascensisZone cephalopod fauna from the Elk Butte Member of the Pierre Shale, SE South Dakota and NE Nebraska. Cretaceous Research, 19(6), 745–775. doi:10.1006/cres.1998.0129265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 B. bulbosa265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 B. sp.264Kennedy, W. J. et al. (1998). Marine connections in North America during the late Maastrichtian: palaeogeographic and palaeobiogeographic significance ofJeletzkytes nebrascensisZone cephalopod fauna from the Elk Butte Member of the Pierre Shale, SE South Dakota and NE Nebraska. Cretaceous Research, 19(6), 745–775. doi:10.1006/cres.1998.0129265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Nebraska, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Belemnitellidae (Belemnit) |
| 4 |
Coahuilites
|
C. sheltoni266Landman, N. H. & Cobban, W. A. (2003). Ammonites from the upper part of the Pierre Shale and Fox Hills Formation of Colorado. American Museum Novitates, 3388, 1–45. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Sphenodiscidae (Ammonit) |
| 5 | D. conradi267Landman, N. H. & Waage, K. M. (1993). Scaphitid ammonites of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota and Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 215, 1–257. Online265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 D. gulosus267Landman, N. H. & Waage, K. M. (1993). Scaphitid ammonites of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota and Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 215, 1–257. Online265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 D. rossi267Landman, N. H. & Waage, K. M. (1993). Scaphitid ammonites of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota and Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 215, 1–257. Online |
Hell Creek Formation, Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Scaphitidae (Ammonit); D. conradi: synonym zu Discoscaphites roanensis |
|
| 6 |
Eutrephoceras
|
E. dekayi268Landman, N. H. et al. (2018). Nautilid nurseries: hatchlings and juveniles of Eutrephoceras dekayi from the lower Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Pierre Shale of east‐central Montana. Lethaia, 51(1), 48–74. doi:10.1111/let.12222167Kauffman, E. G. & Sawdo, J. K. (2013). Mosasaur predation on a nautiloid from the Maastrichtian Pierre Shale, Central Colorado, Western Interior Basin, United States. Lethaia, 46(2), 180–187. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00332.x264Kennedy, W. J. et al. (1998). Marine connections in North America during the late Maastrichtian: palaeogeographic and palaeobiogeographic significance ofJeletzkytes nebrascensisZone cephalopod fauna from the Elk Butte Member of the Pierre Shale, SE South Dakota and NE Nebraska. Cretaceous Research, 19(6), 745–775. doi:10.1006/cres.1998.0129269Smithsonian Institution (o. J.). Eutrephoceras dekayi (Morton), Fox Hills Sandstone, Trail City Member. Sammlungskatalog. Online E. cf. dekayi270Tajika, A. et al. (2023). Ammonoid extinction versus nautiloid survival: Is metabolism responsible? Geology, 51(7), 621–625. doi:10.1130/G51116.1 E. montanaensis261Sealey, P. L. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). Baculites baculus Meek and Hayden, 1861 (earliest Maastrichtian) from the uppermost Pierre Shale in the Raton Basin of northeastern New Mexico and its significance. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 73–80. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.73260Sealey, P. L., Berry, K. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). The Campanian-Maastrichtian baculite zonal sequence in the Pierre Shale, Berwind Canyon, Las Animas County, Colorado. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 81–88. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.81 |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, South Dakota) |
75–10 Ma | sehr häufig | Nautilidae (Perlboot) |
| 7 |
Hoploscaphites
|
H. birkelundae266Landman, N. H. & Cobban, W. A. (2003). Ammonites from the upper part of the Pierre Shale and Fox Hills Formation of Colorado. American Museum Novitates, 3388, 1–45. Online267Landman, N. H. & Waage, K. M. (1993). Scaphitid ammonites of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota and Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 215, 1–257. Online H. comprimus264Kennedy, W. J. et al. (1998). Marine connections in North America during the late Maastrichtian: palaeogeographic and palaeobiogeographic significance ofJeletzkytes nebrascensisZone cephalopod fauna from the Elk Butte Member of the Pierre Shale, SE South Dakota and NE Nebraska. Cretaceous Research, 19(6), 745–775. doi:10.1006/cres.1998.0129267Landman, N. H. & Waage, K. M. (1993). Scaphitid ammonites of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota and Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 215, 1–257. Online H. crassus271Landman, N. H. et al. (2020). Large Scaphitid Ammonites (Hoploscaphites) from the Upper Cretaceous (Upper Campanian–Lower Maastrichtian) of North America: Endless Variation on a Single Theme. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 441(1), 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0090.441.1.1 H. criptonodosus272Landman, N. H. et al. (2019). Description of Two Species of Hoploscaphites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from the Upper Cretaceous (Lower Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2019(427), 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0090.427.1.1 H. dorfi266Landman, N. H. & Cobban, W. A. (2003). Ammonites from the upper part of the Pierre Shale and Fox Hills Formation of Colorado. American Museum Novitates, 3388, 1–45. Online267Landman, N. H. & Waage, K. M. (1993). Scaphitid ammonites of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota and Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 215, 1–257. Online H. macer272Landman, N. H. et al. (2019). Description of Two Species of Hoploscaphites (Ammonoidea: Ancyloceratina) from the Upper Cretaceous (Lower Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2019(427), 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0090.427.1.1 H. melloi267Landman, N. H. & Waage, K. M. (1993). Scaphitid ammonites of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota and Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 215, 1–257. Online H. nebrascensis273Hoganson, J. W. & Murphy, E. C. (2002). Marine Breien Member (Maastrichtian) of the Hell Creek Formation in North Dakota: Stratigraphy, vertebrate fossil record, and age. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains: An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 247–269. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.247267Landman, N. H. & Waage, K. M. (1993). Scaphitid ammonites of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota and Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 215, 1–257. Online264Kennedy, W. J. et al. (1998). Marine connections in North America during the late Maastrichtian: palaeogeographic and palaeobiogeographic significance ofJeletzkytes nebrascensisZone cephalopod fauna from the Elk Butte Member of the Pierre Shale, SE South Dakota and NE Nebraska. Cretaceous Research, 19(6), 745–775. doi:10.1006/cres.1998.0129265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 H. nicolletii267Landman, N. H. & Waage, K. M. (1993). Scaphitid ammonites of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota and Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 215, 1–257. Online265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011274Tajika, A. et al. (2025). Lethal injuries on the scaphitid ammonoid Hoploscaphites nicolletii (Morton, 1842) in the Upper Cretaceous Fox Hills Formation, South Dakota, USA. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 144(1), 1. doi:10.1186/s13358-024-00341-6 H. peterseni271Landman, N. H. et al. (2020). Large Scaphitid Ammonites (Hoploscaphites) from the Upper Cretaceous (Upper Campanian–Lower Maastrichtian) of North America: Endless Variation on a Single Theme. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 441(1), 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0090.441.1.1 H. plenus271Landman, N. H. et al. (2020). Large Scaphitid Ammonites (Hoploscaphites) from the Upper Cretaceous (Upper Campanian–Lower Maastrichtian) of North America: Endless Variation on a Single Theme. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 441(1), 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0090.441.1.1 H. sargklofak275Landman, N. H., Kennedy, W. J. & Larson, N. L. (2015). A New Species of Scaphitid Ammonite from The Lower Maastrichtian of the Western Interior of North America, with Close Affinities to Hoploscaphites constrictus Sowerby, 1817. American Museum Novitates, 3833, 1–40. doi:10.1206/3833.1 H. spedeni267Landman, N. H. & Waage, K. M. (1993). Scaphitid ammonites of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota and Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 215, 1–257. Online265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 |
Hell Creek Formation, Hell Creek Formation, Pierre Shale,Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
74–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Scaphitidae (Ammonit); synonym zu Jeletzkytes; H. birkelundae: synonym zu H. birkelundi; H. reesidei: ältere Kombination Jeletzkytes reesidei |
| 8 | P. sp.276Landman, N. H. et al. (2014). Inquilinism of a Baculite by a Dynomenid Crab from the Upper Cretaceous of South Dakota. American Museum Novitates, 3818, 1–16. | Pierre Shale | USA (South Dakota) | 78–66 Ma | häufig | Pachydiscidae (Ammonit) | |
| 9 |
Placenticeras
|
P. meeki263Cobban, W. A. et al. (2006). A USGS zonal table for the Upper Cretaceous middle Cenomanian–Maastrichtian of the Western Interior of the United States based on ammonites, inoceramids, and radiometric ages. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2006–1250. doi:10.3133/ofr20061250 P. spp.277iDigBio (o. J.). Placenticeras, Katalognummer WSA00000296.000. Originaler Museumskatalog über iDigBio (abgerufen am 1. Oktober 2026). Online |
Pierre Shale | USA (Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
75–66 Ma | häufig | Placenticeratidae (Ammonit); synonym zu Placenticeras whitfieldi |
| 10 |
Rhaeboceras
|
R. cedarense278Grier, J. C. & Grier, J. W. (1998). New findings of the ammonite Rhaeboceras, including a new species, from the Pierre Shale of eastern Montana. Journal of Paleontology, 72(3), 473–476. doi:10.1017/S0022336000024227279Grier, J. W. et al. (2007). Synonymy of the ammonite genus Ponteixites Warren with Rhaeboceras Meek. Rocky Mountain Geology, 42(2), 123–136. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.42.2.123 | Pierre Shale | USA (Montana) | 72–70 Ma | sehr häufig | Scaphitidae (Ammonit); synonym zu Ponteixites |
| 11 |
Sphenodiscus
|
S. aff. aberrans (?)280iDigBio (o. J.). Sphenodiscus aberrans, Katalognummer WSA00003413.000. Originaler Museumskatalog über iDigBio (abgerufen am 1. Oktober 2026). Online S. cf. lobatus (?)281iDigBio (o. J.). Sphenodiscus lenticularis, Katalognummer WSA00004222.000. Originaler Museumskatalog über iDigBio (abgerufen am 1. Oktober 2026). Online S. lenticularis267Landman, N. H. & Waage, K. M. (1993). Scaphitid ammonites of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota and Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 215, 1–257. Online S. lobatus267Landman, N. H. & Waage, K. M. (1993). Scaphitid ammonites of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota and Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 215, 1–257. Online264Kennedy, W. J. et al. (1998). Marine connections in North America during the late Maastrichtian: palaeogeographic and palaeobiogeographic significance ofJeletzkytes nebrascensisZone cephalopod fauna from the Elk Butte Member of the Pierre Shale, SE South Dakota and NE Nebraska. Cretaceous Research, 19(6), 745–775. doi:10.1006/cres.1998.0129265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 S. pleurisepta266Landman, N. H. & Cobban, W. A. (2003). Ammonites from the upper part of the Pierre Shale and Fox Hills Formation of Colorado. American Museum Novitates, 3388, 1–45. Online |
Hell Creek Formation, Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Sphenodiscidae (Ammonit); S. lobatus: Synonyme S. lenticularis und S. splendens |
| 12 |
Trachybaculites
|
T. columna262Cobban, W. A. & Kennedy, W. J. (1992). The last Western Interior Baculites from the Fox Hills Formation of South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 66(4), 682–684. Online T. cf. columna266Landman, N. H. & Cobban, W. A. (2003). Ammonites from the upper part of the Pierre Shale and Fox Hills Formation of Colorado. American Museum Novitates, 3388, 1–45. Online |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | häufig | Baculitidae (Ammonit); T. columna: früher Baculites columna |
| 13 |
Uluciala
|
U. rotundata282Sugiura, K. et al. (2026). The oldest sepioid cephalopod from the Cretaceous discovered by Digital fossil-mining with zero-shot learning AI. Communications Biology, 9(1), 301. doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09519-9 | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (South Dakota) | 74–67 Ma | selten | Decabrachia (Tintenfisch) |
| Scaphitidae indet.283Daeschler, E. & Fiorillo, A. R. (1989). Rediscovery of fossil material at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia from Edward Drinker Cope’s 1893 expedition to the Dakotas. The Mosasaur, 4, 143–148.284Hartman, J. H. & Kirkland, J. I. (2002). Brackish and marine mollusks of the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota: Evidence for a persisting Cretaceous seaway. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 271–296. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.271 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Scaphitidae (Ammoniten) |
Die aus dem Elk Butte Member des Pierre Shale in South Dakota und Nebraska beschriebenen Nachweise von Hoploscaphites comprimus, H. nebrascensis, Sphenodiscus lobatus, Eutrephoceras dekayi, Baculites sp. und Belemnitella cf. bulbosa werden hier unter der historischen Formationsbezeichnung geführt. Die betreffenden obersten Schichten werden in der neueren regionalen Gliederung der Elk Creek Formation zugeordnet.213Hoganson, J. W., Erickson, J. M. & Holland, F. D., Jr. (2019). Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas from the Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: Paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 398, 1–94. Belegstelle: S. 9. doi:10.32857/bap.2019.398
Actinosepia-Funde aus der Fox Hills Formation, die früher als A. canadensis geführt wurden, gehören nach Larsons Revision zu A. landmani. A. mapesi ist dagegen eine gesonderte Art; ihr Holotypus ist bislang das einzige beschriebene Exemplar. Die Häufigkeitsangabe der Tabellenzeile bezieht sich auf beide Arten gemeinsam: Für A. landmani nennt Larson bereits 73 Exemplare.259Larson, N. L. (2010). Fossil coleoids from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian & Maastrichtian) of the Western Interior. Ferrantia, 59, 78–113. Online
Schnecken:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | „New Genus A“285Roth, B. & Hartman, J. H. (1998). A probable Cerion (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from the uppermost Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Garfield County, Montana. PaleoBios, 18(2–3), 16–20. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Nicht formell benannte Süßwasserschnecke; historisch der Gattung Bulimus zugeordnet |
|
| 2 |
Amuletum
|
A. minor286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und S. 46–48. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Revision und Fundortzuordnung. Ergänzende Stellenangaben: S. 221–222. Online Amuletum sp.287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 222–223. Online |
Pierre Shale (?), Fox Hills Formation |
USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Turridae (Schlitzturmschnecke); synonym zu Lutema sp.; A. minor: synonym zu Turris minor |
| 3 |
Anchura
|
A. hoggi235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396 A. spp.235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396 |
Pierre Shale | USA (Montana) | 72–65 Ma | sehr häufig | Aporrhaidae (Pelikanfußschnecke) |
| 4 |
Anisomyon
|
A. borealis288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: S. B37. doi:10.3133/pp393B289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. Belegstelle: S. A54 und A57. doi:10.3133/pp393A A. patelliformis288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: S. B40. doi:10.3133/pp393B289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. Belegstelle: S. A52. doi:10.3133/pp393A |
Pierre Shale | USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
84–66 Ma | häufig | Siphonariidae (falsche Napfschnecke) |
| 5 |
Aporrhais
|
A. biangulata290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034291Landman, N. H. et al. (2026). The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary in the Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, Montana: Environment of Deposition Based on Geochemical, Sedimentological, and Paleontological Evidence. American Museum Novitates, 4052, 1–53. Belegstelle: Anhang 1. doi:10.1206/4052.1 | Pierre Shale | USA (Montana) | 72–71 Ma | häufig | Aporrhaidae (Pelikanfußschnecke) |
| 6 |
Astandes
|
A. densatus235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396 | Pierre Shale | USA (Montana) | 72–69 Ma | selten | Maturifusidae |
| 7 |
Atira
|
A. nebrascensis (?)290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034291Landman, N. H. et al. (2026). The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary in the Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, Montana: Environment of Deposition Based on Geochemical, Sedimentological, and Paleontological Evidence. American Museum Novitates, 4052, 1–53. Belegstelle: Anhang 1. doi:10.1206/4052.1288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: S. B5 und B11, Exiteloceras jenneyi bis Baculites clinolobatus. doi:10.3133/pp393B292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Systematik S. 35–49. Online A. sp. (?)286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und S. 17–20. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Revision und Fundortzuordnung. Online |
Pierre Shale | USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota) |
76–69 Ma | sehr häufig | Margaritesidae (Perlmutt-Kreiselschencke) |
| 8 |
Bellifusus
|
B. spp.288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: S. B5, Baculites clinolobatus-Zone. doi:10.3133/pp393B | Pierre Shale | USA (Colorado) | 72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Pholidotomidae (Raubschnecke) |
| 9 |
Bullopsis
|
B. sp.288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: Tafelerklärung, Baculites grandis-Zone. doi:10.3133/pp393B | Pierre Shale | USA (Wyoming) | 72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Bullidae (Blasenschnecke) |
| 10 |
Campeloma
|
C. acroterion293Hartman, J. H. (2015). New viviparid gastropods from the end Cretaceous and early Paleogene of the Williston Basin, USA and Canada. The Nautilus, 129(1), 1–22. C. amarillensis294Yen, T.-C. (1954). Nonmarine mollusks of Late Cretaceous age from Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 254-B. doi:10.3133/pp254B C. nebrascensis295Cretaceous Atlas of Ancient Life (o. J.). Campeloma nebrascensis. C. sp.296Stanton, T. W. (1909). The age and stratigraphic relationships of the “Ceratops beds” of Wyoming and Montana. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 11(3), 239–293.227Hoganson, J. W., Campbell, J. M. & Murphy, E. C. (1994). Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Stumpf site, Morton County, North Dakota. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Sciences, 48, 95.297Gould, R., Larson, R. & Nellermoe, R. (2003). An allometric study comparing metatarsal II’s in Edmontosaurus from a low-diversity hadrosaur bone bed in Corson Co., S. D. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23(3, Suppl.), 56A.298Breithaupt, B. H. (1982). Paleontology and paleoecology of the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian), east flank of Rock Springs Uplift, Sweetwater County, Wyoming. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 21(2), 123–151. Online |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Laramie Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68 Ma bis heute | häufig | Viviparidae (Sumpfdeckelschnecken) |
| 11 |
Cancellaria
|
C. siouxensis287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 217–220. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | Cancellariidae (Gitterschnecke) |
| 12 |
Cerithium
|
C. pecosense235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396 | Pierre Shale | USA (Montana) | 237 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Cerithiidae (Hornschnecke) |
| 13 |
Cryptorhytis
|
C. cheyennensis235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396 C. cf. flexicostata288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: S. B5, Baculites clinolobatus-Zone. doi:10.3133/pp393B C. flexicostata (?)287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Fox-Hills-Bestimmung fraglich. S. 208–210. Online |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | häufig | Fasciolariidae (Spindelschnecke) |
| 14 |
Cylichna
|
C. scitula287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 228–229. Online C. volvaria (?)287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Fox-Hills-Bestimmung fraglich. S. 229–230. Online C. spp.288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: S. B5, Baculites clinolobatus-Zone. doi:10.3133/pp393B299Darton, N. H. (1905). Preliminary report on the geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 32, 1–433. Belegstelle: S. 110. doi:10.3133/pp32286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und S. 53–55. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Revision und Fundortzuordnung. Online |
Pierre Shale (?), Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
168 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Cylichnidae (Zylinderschnecke) |
| 15 |
Cylindrotruncatum
|
C. demersum290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034291Landman, N. H. et al. (2026). The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary in the Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, Montana: Environment of Deposition Based on Geochemical, Sedimentological, and Paleontological Evidence. American Museum Novitates, 4052, 1–53. Belegstelle: Anhang 1. doi:10.1206/4052.1 C. cf. demersum292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Systematik S. 35–49. Online |
Pierre Shale | USA (Montana, North Dakota) |
74–66 Ma | häufig | Tornatinidae (Kopfschildschnecke) |
| 16 |
Drepanochilus
|
D. evansi290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034291Landman, N. H. et al. (2026). The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary in the Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, Montana: Environment of Deposition Based on Geochemical, Sedimentological, and Paleontological Evidence. American Museum Novitates, 4052, 1–53. Belegstelle: Anhang 1. doi:10.1206/4052.1288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: S. B14–B15, Baculites baculus bis B. clinolobatus. doi:10.3133/pp393B300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und systematischer Teil, S. 52–66. Online286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und S. 29–32. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Revision und Fundortzuordnung. Ergänzende Stellenangaben: S. 173–174. Online D. nebrascensis235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und systematischer Teil, S. 52–66. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Fox-Hills-Bestimmung fraglich. S. 174–175. Online D. scotti235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: S. B5, Baculites reesidei bis B. baculus. doi:10.3133/pp393B D. spp.301Erickson, J. M. (1992). Subsurface stratigraphy, lithofacies and paleoenvironments of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian: Late Cretaceous) adjacent to the type area, North Dakota and South Dakota. In Erickson, J. M. & Hoganson, J. W. (Hg.), Proceedings of the F. D. Holland, Jr., Geological Symposium, North Dakota Geological Survey Miscellaneous Series, 76.235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396 |
Hell Creek Formation, Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
74–62 Ma | sehr häufig | Aporrhaidae (Pelikanfußschnecke); synonym zu Drepanocheilus; D. evansi: synonym zu Anchura parva und Anchura sublevis |
| 17 |
Ellipsoscapha
|
E. cf. minor (?)286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und S. 51–53. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Fox-Hills-Bestimmung fraglich. S. 227–228. Online E. occidentalis235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. Belegstelle: S. A51–A52. doi:10.3133/pp393A288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: systematischer Teil und Tafeln. doi:10.3133/pp393B E. subcylindrica302Mapel, W. J. & Pillmore, C. L. (1964). Geology of the Upton Quadrangle, Crook and Weston counties, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1181-J: J1–J54. Hinweis: Fox-Hills-Fundort USGS 11924. doi:10.3133/b1181J E. spp.235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396 |
Pierre Shale (?), Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–56 Ma | sehr häufig | Scaphandridae (Kahnfüßerschnecke) |
| 18 |
Euspira
|
E. dakotensis (?)286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und S. 26–29. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Fox-Hills-Bestimmung fraglich. S. 186–187. Online E. obliquata290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034291Landman, N. H. et al. (2026). The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary in the Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, Montana: Environment of Deposition Based on Geochemical, Sedimentological, and Paleontological Evidence. American Museum Novitates, 4052, 1–53. Belegstelle: Anhang 1. doi:10.1206/4052.1289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. Belegstelle: S. A51–A52. doi:10.3133/pp393A288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: systematischer Teil und Tafeln. doi:10.3133/pp393B292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Systematik S. 35–49. Online286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und S. 22–26. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Revision und Fundortzuordnung. Ergänzende Stellenangaben: S. 183–185. Online E. rectilabrum292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: S. 48–49. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 182–183. Online E. subcrassa287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 185–186. Online |
Pierre Shale (?), Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
241 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Naticidae (Mondschnecke); E. rectilabrum: synonym zu Polinices rectilabrum.; E. obliquata: synonym zu Lunatia obliquata; E. dakotensis: synonym zu Lunatia occidentalis; E. obliquata: synonym zu Natica concinna / Lunatia concinna und Natica moreauensis |
| 19 |
Goniobasis
|
G. tricarinata303Emmons, S. F., Cross, W. & Eldridge, G. H. (1896). Geology of the Denver basin in Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Monograph, 27, 1–556. doi:10.3133/m27 G. sp.296Stanton, T. W. (1909). The age and stratigraphic relationships of the “Ceratops beds” of Wyoming and Montana. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 11(3), 239–293. |
Hell Creek Formation, Denver Formation |
USA (Montana, Colorado) |
68–64 Ma | häufig | Pleuroceridae (Flussdeckelschnecke) |
| 20 |
Goniocylichna
|
G. bisculpturata287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 231. Online G. spp.287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Fox-Hills-Bestimmung fraglich. S. 231–232. Online |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | Tornatinidae (Kopfschildschnecke) |
| 21 |
Graciliala
|
G. calcaris235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396 | Pierre Shale | USA (Montana) | 72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Aporrhaidae (Pelikanfußschnecke); G. calcaris: synonym zu Anchura calcaris |
| 22 |
Graphidula
|
G. cretacea (?)287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Fox-Hills-Bestimmung fraglich. S. 195–196. Online G. culbertsoni235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. Belegstelle: S. A51–A52. doi:10.3133/pp393A288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: systematischer Teil und Tafeln. doi:10.3133/pp393B286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und S. 42–46. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Revision und Fundortzuordnung. Ergänzende Stellenangaben: S. 194–195. Online G. spp.235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396 |
Pierre Shale (?), Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Fasciolariidae (Spindelschnecke); G. culbertsoni: synonym zu Piestochilus culbertsoni |
| 23 |
Hercorhyncus
|
H. hollandi287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 202–204. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Fasciolariidae (Spindelschnecke) |
| 24 |
Hydrobia
|
H. cf. anthonyi (?)285Roth, B. & Hartman, J. H. (1998). A probable Cerion (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from the uppermost Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Garfield County, Montana. PaleoBios, 18(2–3), 16–20. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 149 Ma bis heute | selten | Hydrobiidae (Wasserdeckelschnecke) |
| 25 |
Lioplacodes
|
L. tenuicarinata285Roth, B. & Hartman, J. H. (1998). A probable Cerion (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from the uppermost Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Garfield County, Montana. PaleoBios, 18(2–3), 16–20. L. sp.285Roth, B. & Hartman, J. H. (1998). A probable Cerion (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from the uppermost Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Garfield County, Montana. PaleoBios, 18(2–3), 16–20. |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Viviparidae (Sumpfdeckelschnecke); L. tenuicarinata: synonym zu Goniobasis tenuicarinata |
| 26 |
Margaritella
|
M. flexistriata304Hoganson, J. W. et al. (o. J.). Plioplatecarpus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae) and associated vertebrate and invertebrate fossils from the Pierre Shale (Campanian), Cooperstown site, Griggs County, North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey. Hinweis: Cooperstown, Gregory Member, Baculites gregoryensis. Online M. spp.235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396 |
Pierre Shale | USA (Montana, North Dakota) |
78–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Calliostomatidae (Edel-Kreiselschnecke) |
| 27 |
Neritina
|
N. loganensis305Erickson, J. M. (1999). The Dakota Isthmus—Closing the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. In Hoganson, J. W. (Hg.), Proceedings of the F. D. Holland, Jr., Geological Symposium. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 237 Ma bis heute | häufig | Neritidae (Kahnschnecke) |
| 28 |
Neritoplica
|
N. loganensis287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 163–164. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | selten | Neritidae (Kahnschnecke); N. loganensis: früher Neritina loganensis |
| 29 |
Neritoptyx
|
N. hogansoni306Erickson, J. M. (2019). Neritoptyx hogansoni new species (Gastropoda, Mollusca) from the Upper Cretaceous Fox Hills Formation on the Dakota Isthmus, western United States. Journal of Paleontology, 93(2), 278–290. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.82 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | selten | Neritidae (Kahnschnecke) |
| 30 |
Nonactaeonina
|
N. attenuata (?)288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: systematischer Teil und Tafeln. doi:10.3133/pp393B | Pierre Shale | USA (Montana) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | Acteonidae; Schreibvariante Nonacteonina; ältere Schreibweise Nonacteonina |
| 31 |
Odontobasis
|
O. ventricosa (?)286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und S. 35–38. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Revision und Fundortzuordnung. Online | Pierre Shale | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | Buccinoidea (Raubschnecke) |
| 32 |
Oligoptycha
|
O. concinna290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034291Landman, N. H. et al. (2026). The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary in the Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, Montana: Environment of Deposition Based on Geochemical, Sedimentological, and Paleontological Evidence. American Museum Novitates, 4052, 1–53. Belegstelle: Anhang 1. doi:10.1206/4052.1289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. Belegstelle: S. A51–A52. doi:10.3133/pp393A288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: systematischer Teil und Tafeln. doi:10.3133/pp393B300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und systematischer Teil, S. 52–66. Online292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Systematik S. 35–49. Online286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und S. 48–51. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Revision und Fundortzuordnung. Ergänzende Stellenangaben: S. 225–227. Online | Pierre Shale (?), Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming) |
74–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Ringiculidae |
| 33 |
Pachymelania
|
P. insculpta287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 168–169. Online P. wyomingensis284Hartman, J. H. & Kirkland, J. I. (2002). Brackish and marine mollusks of the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota: Evidence for a persisting Cretaceous seaway. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 271–296. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.271287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 167–168. Online |
Hell Creek Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
100 Ma bis heute | häufig | Hemisinidae (Kronenschnecke); P. wyomingensis: synonym zu Melania wyomingensis; P. wyomingensis: synonym zu Melania larunda; P. insculpta: früher Goniobasis insculpta |
| 34 |
Perissitys
|
P. spp. (?)287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Fox-Hills-Bestimmung fraglich. S. 214–215. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | selten | Perissityidae |
| 35 |
Physa
|
P. sp.303Emmons, S. F., Cross, W. & Eldridge, G. H. (1896). Geology of the Denver basin in Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Monograph, 27, 1–556. doi:10.3133/m27 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Denver Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68 Ma bis heute | häufig | Physidae (Blasenschnecke) |
| 36 |
Piestochilus
|
P. feldmanni287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 198–200. Online P. galpiniana (?)287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Fox-Hills-Bestimmung fraglich. S. 200. Online P. scarboroughi287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 197–198. Online |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | häufig | Fasciolariidae (Spindelschnecke) |
| 37 |
Protocerion
|
P. acherontis285Roth, B. & Hartman, J. H. (1998). A probable Cerion (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from the uppermost Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Garfield County, Montana. PaleoBios, 18(2–3), 16–20.307Harasewych, M. G., Windsor, A. M. & Thompson, F. G. (2015). On the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Mexistrophia and of the family Cerionidae (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata). The Nautilus, 129(4), 156–162. Online | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 67 Ma | Einzelfund | Cerionidae (Erdnussschnecke); synonym zu Cerion acherontis |
| 38 |
Pseudobuccinum
|
P. nebrascense299Darton, N. H. (1905). Preliminary report on the geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 32, 1–433. Belegstelle: S. 110. doi:10.3133/pp32308Merrill, G. P. (1905). Catalogue of the type and figured specimens of fossils, minerals, rocks, and ores in the Department of Geology, United States National Museum. Part I. Fossil invertebrates. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 53. Hinweis: Holotypus USNM 292, Moreau River, South Dakota. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado, South Dakota) |
69–66 Ma | selten | Buccinidae (Wellhornschnecke); P. nebrascense: früher Buccinum? nebrascensis |
| 39 |
Pyrifusus
|
P. subdensatus290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034291Landman, N. H. et al. (2026). The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary in the Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, Montana: Environment of Deposition Based on Geochemical, Sedimentological, and Paleontological Evidence. American Museum Novitates, 4052, 1–53. Belegstelle: Anhang 1. doi:10.1206/4052.1 | Pierre Shale | USA (Montana) | 72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Pholidotomidae |
| 40 |
Pyropsis
|
P. bairdi287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 211–213. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–38 Ma | sehr häufig | Pyropsidae |
| 41 |
Reesidella
|
R. sp.59Estes, R. (1964). Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 49, 1–180. Online | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Amnicolidae |
| 42 |
Remera
|
R. cvancarai (?)287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Fox-Hills-Bestimmung fraglich. S. 206–208. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Fasciolariidae (Spindelschnecke) |
| 43 |
Rhombopsis
|
R. intertextus290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034291Landman, N. H. et al. (2026). The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary in the Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, Montana: Environment of Deposition Based on Geochemical, Sedimentological, and Paleontological Evidence. American Museum Novitates, 4052, 1–53. Belegstelle: Anhang 1. doi:10.1206/4052.1 R. cf. intertextus286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und S. 38–40. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Revision und Fundortzuordnung. Online R. newberryi302Mapel, W. J. & Pillmore, C. L. (1964). Geology of the Upton Quadrangle, Crook and Weston counties, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1181-J: J1–J54. Hinweis: Fox-Hills-Fundort USGS 11924. doi:10.3133/b1181J R. subturritus287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 191. Online R. sp.286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und S. 41–42. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Revision und Fundortzuordnung. Online |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | häufig | Melongenidae (Kronenschnecke); synonym zu Neptunella |
| 44 |
Semitriton
|
S. buccinoides309Schnetler, K. I. & Petit, R. E. (2006). Revision of the gastropod family Cancellariidae from the Danian (Early Paleocene) of Fakse, Denmark. Cainozoic Research 4(1–2), 97–108. Hinweis: Familienzuordnung von Semitriton. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 188–190. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
69–66 Ma | selten | Cancellariidae (Gitterschnecke); S. buccinoides: früher Fasciolaria buccinoides und Mazzalina buccinoides |
| 45 |
Serrifusus
|
S. dakotaensis287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 204–206. Online S. cf. dakotensis288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Hinweis: Diskussion und Tafel 6. doi:10.3133/pp393B |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | selten | Fasciolariidae (Spindelschnecke) |
| 46 |
Spironema
|
S. tenuilineata286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und S. 20–22. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Revision und Fundortzuordnung. Ergänzende Stellenangaben: S. 170–171. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | Naticidae (Mondschnecke) ?; vielleicht synonym zu Vanikoropsis ungeklärt |
| 47 |
Trachytriton
|
T. vinculum235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396 | Pierre Shale | USA (Montana) | 72–71 Ma | selten | Ranellidae (Tritonshorn) ? |
| 48 |
Turritella
|
T. spp.299Darton, N. H. (1905). Preliminary report on the geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 32, 1–433. Belegstelle: S. 110. doi:10.3133/pp32 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Colorado) | 152 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Turritellidae (Turmschnecke) |
| 49 |
Urceolabrum
|
U. spp.235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396 | Pierre Shale | USA (Montana) | 72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Turbinidae (Turbanschnecke) |
| 50 |
Vanikoropsis
|
V. nebrascensis288Sohl, N. F. (1967). Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-B: B1–B46. Belegstelle: S. B23 und Tafeln 5–6. doi:10.3133/pp393B300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und systematischer Teil, S. 52–66. Online286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und S. 32–35. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Revision und Fundortzuordnung. Ergänzende Stellenangaben: S. 177–179. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming) |
74–66 Ma | selten | Vanikoridae; V. nebrascensis: synonym zu Vanikoro ambigua, Natica haydeni und Natica praenominata |
| 51 |
Viviparus
|
V. thompsoni285Roth, B. & Hartman, J. H. (1998). A probable Cerion (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from the uppermost Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Garfield County, Montana. PaleoBios, 18(2–3), 16–20. V. trochiformis303Emmons, S. F., Cross, W. & Eldridge, G. H. (1896). Geology of the Denver basin in Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Monograph, 27, 1–556. doi:10.3133/m27 V. sp.303Emmons, S. F., Cross, W. & Eldridge, G. H. (1896). Geology of the Denver basin in Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Monograph, 27, 1–556. doi:10.3133/m27285Roth, B. & Hartman, J. H. (1998). A probable Cerion (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from the uppermost Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Garfield County, Montana. PaleoBios, 18(2–3), 16–20. |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Denver Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado) |
68 Ma bis heute | häufig | Viviparidae (Sumpfdeckelschnecke) |
| Assimineidae? indet.287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 171–172. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Assimineidae (Marschenschnecke) | ||
| Gastropoda indet.287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 223–224. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Gastropoda (Schnecke) | ||
| Trochidae indet. (Margaritinae?)287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 160–162. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | selten | unbestimmte Kreiselschnecken |
Die 37 Formen der Revision von Erickson (1974) umfassen auch unbestimmte und fragliche Nachweise aus der Fox Hills Formation. Historische Angaben aus der weiter gefassten Fox Hills Group werden ohne gesicherte Zuordnung zur Formation nicht übernommen. Pyropsis bairdi var. rotula wird zum Beispiel nicht als zusätzliche Art gezählt, weil Erickson eine mögliche Eigenständigkeit diskutiert, aber keine Neuzuordnung vornimmt.287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Belegstelle: S. 131–132, 162 und 211–213. Online Bei Lutema steht der Fox-Hills-Nachweis in der älteren Revision noch unter Amuletum (Lutema). Der als Syncera? sp. beschriebene Einzelbeleg bleibt auf der höheren Bestimmungsebene Assimineidae?; der nomenklatorisch ungültige Name rechtfertigt keine sichere Neubestimmung als Assiminea. Die neuen Fundfenster von 69–66 Ma sind gerundete stratigraphische Arbeitsrahmen, keine exakt datierten Artgrenzen.
Die Art Euspira rectilabrum ist im Pierre Shale in dem hier zitierten Nachweis nur aus wahrscheinlich campanischen Konkretionen überliefert (ungefähr 74–73 Ma). Da sie aber auch in Fundstellen belegt ist, die ins späte Maastrichtium fallen (ungefähr 68–66 Ma), ist ihr Überleben bis zum Ende der Kreidezeit auch im Pierre Shale plausibel. Dies lässt sich momentan aber nicht konkret belegen.292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: S. 48–49. Online
Bei den 14 von Cvancara untersuchten Schneckenformen aus Emmons County, North Dakota, ist unklar, ob sie wirklich aus dem Pierre Shale stammen. Mehrere Originalstücke vom Fundort bei Seeman Park/Linton werden von Erickson später der Fox Hills Formation zugeordnet. Für Cvancaras Material wird lediglich ein grober maastrichtischer Rahmen von etwa 72–69 Ma angesetzt, keine genau datierte Reichweite.286Cvancara, A. M. (1957). Gastropoda from the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous) of Emmons County, south-central North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und systematischer Teil. Online287Erickson, J. M. (1974). Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(284), 131–253. Hinweis: Fundort A469 und systematischer Teil. Online
Muscheln und Kahnfüßer:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Acutostrea
|
A. plumosa261Sealey, P. L. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). Baculites baculus Meek and Hayden, 1861 (earliest Maastrichtian) from the uppermost Pierre Shale in the Raton Basin of northeastern New Mexico and its significance. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 73–80. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.73 | Pierre Shale | USA (New Mexico) | 76–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Ostreidae (Auster); synonym zu Ostrea plumosa |
| 2 |
Anomia
|
A. gryphorhyncha267Landman, N. H. & Waage, K. M. (1993). Scaphitid ammonites of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota and Wyoming. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 215, 1–257. Online290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 88–90. Online A. spp.235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396 |
Hell Creek Formation, Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
299 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Anomiidae (Sattelmuschel) |
| 3 |
Arctica
|
A. cf. ovata311Erickson, J. M. (1978). Bivalve mollusk range extensions in the Fox Hills Formation (Maestrichtian) of North and South Dakota and their implications for the Late Cretaceous geologic history of the Williston Basin. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science, 32(2), 79–89. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | selten | Arcticidae (Islandmuschel); historische bzw. alternative Kombinationen: Cyprina incerta |
| 4 |
Atrina
|
A. nebrascensis (?)289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. Belegstelle: S. A52, Einheiten 89 und 91. doi:10.3133/pp393A | Pierre Shale | USA (Wyoming) | 72–71 Ma | selten | Pinnidae (Steckmuschel) |
| 5 |
Brachidontes
|
B. spp.310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 78. Gattungszuordnung bzw. Bestimmung fraglich. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 201 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Mytilidae (Miesmuschel) |
| 6 |
Cataceramus
|
C. barabini (?)260Sealey, P. L., Berry, K. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). The Campanian-Maastrichtian baculite zonal sequence in the Pierre Shale, Berwind Canyon, Las Animas County, Colorado. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 81–88. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1, Baculites baculus-Zone. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.81290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 2. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Systematik S. 52–88. Online C. subcircularis (?)291Landman, N. H. et al. (2026). The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary in the Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, Montana: Environment of Deposition Based on Geochemical, Sedimentological, and Paleontological Evidence. American Museum Novitates, 4052, 1–53. Belegstelle: Text, Abbildungen und Anhang 1. doi:10.1206/4052.1260Sealey, P. L., Berry, K. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). The Campanian-Maastrichtian baculite zonal sequence in the Pierre Shale, Berwind Canyon, Las Animas County, Colorado. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 81–88. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1, Baculites baculus-Zone. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.81 |
Pierre Shale | USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–70 Ma | selten | Inoceramidae |
| 7 |
Clisocolus
|
C. moreauensis310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 110–112. Online311Erickson, J. M. (1978). Bivalve mollusk range extensions in the Fox Hills Formation (Maestrichtian) of North and South Dakota and their implications for the Late Cretaceous geologic history of the Williston Basin. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science, 32(2), 79–89. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
69–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Mactromyidae |
| 8 |
Corbicula
|
C. cf. subelliptica (?)312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 C. cytheriformis303Emmons, S. F., Cross, W. & Eldridge, G. H. (1896). Geology of the Denver basin in Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Monograph, 27, 1–556. doi:10.3133/m27313Lee, W. T. (1912). Coal fields of Grand Mesa and the West Elk Mountains, Colorado. United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 510, 1–237.314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online C. moreauensis314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online C. spp.315Henderson, J. (1920). The Cretaceous formations of northeastern Colorado and the foothills formations of north-central Colorado. Colorado Geological Survey Bulletin, 19, 1–98. doi:10.58783/cgs.b19.jecs8641310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 96–99. Online |
Hell Creek Formation, Denver Formation, Laramie Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
143 Ma bis heute | häufig | Corbiculidae (Körbchenmuschel) |
| 9 |
Corbula
|
C. monmouthensis314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Wyoming) |
143 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Corbulidae (Korbmuschel); historische bzw. alternative Kombinationen: Caryocorbula monmouthensis, Juliacorbula monmouthensis |
| 10 |
Corbulamella
|
C. gregaria310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 143–146. Der ältere norddakotische Nachweis als Corbulamella inornata wird hier in der von Speden vorgeschlagenen Synonymie berücksichtigt. Ergänzende Stellenangaben: S. 143–145. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Corbulidae (Korbmuschel); C. gregaria: früher Corbula gregaria |
| 11 |
Crassatellina
|
C. hollandi316Feldmann, R. M. & Kammer, T. W. (1976). Crassatellina hollandi n. sp. (Bivalvia: Astartidae) from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian, Cretaceous) of North Dakota and South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 50(3), 481–487. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | selten | Astartidae (Astarte) |
| 12 |
Crassostrea
|
C. subtrigonalis284Hartman, J. H. & Kirkland, J. I. (2002). Brackish and marine mollusks of the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota: Evidence for a persisting Cretaceous seaway. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 271–296. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.271310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 93–95. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online C. spp.227Hoganson, J. W., Campbell, J. M. & Murphy, E. C. (1994). Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Stumpf site, Morton County, North Dakota. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Sciences, 48, 95. |
Hell Creek Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
143 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Ostreidae (Auster); C. subtrigonalis: synonym zu Ostrea glabra Meek & Hayden (präokkupiert) |
| 13 |
Crenella
|
C. elegantula290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 79–81. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
143 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Mytilidae (Miesmuschel) |
| 14 |
Cucullaea
|
C. nebrascensis290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und systematischer Teil, S. 21–52. Online310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 49–56. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
201 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Cucullaeidae (Hauben-Archenmuschel); C. nebrascensis: synonym zu C. shumardi und C. cordata; historische bzw. alternative Kombinationen: Idonearca littlei, Idonearca vulgaris |
| 15 |
Cuspidaria
|
C. moreauensis290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 154–156. Online C. variabilis289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. Belegstelle: S. A52, Einheiten 89 und 91. doi:10.3133/pp393A C. ventricosa290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und systematischer Teil, S. 21–52. Online310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 154–156. Online311Erickson, J. M. (1978). Bivalve mollusk range extensions in the Fox Hills Formation (Maestrichtian) of North and South Dakota and their implications for the Late Cretaceous geologic history of the Williston Basin. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science, 32(2), 79–89. Online |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
100 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Cuspidariidae (Keulenmuschel) |
| 16 |
Cymbophora
|
C. nitidula (?)310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 130–131. Online C. warrenana290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Systematik S. 52–88. Online310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 128–130. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Mactridae (Trogmuschel) |
| 17 |
Dentalium
|
D. gracile315Henderson, J. (1920). The Cretaceous formations of northeastern Colorado and the foothills formations of north-central Colorado. Colorado Geological Survey Bulletin, 19, 1–98. Belegstelle: S. 47. doi:10.58783/cgs.b19.jecs8641317Li, R.-Y., Young, H. R. & Zhan, R.-B. (2011). Drilling predation on scaphopods and other molluscs from the Upper Cretaceous of Manitoba, Canada. Palaeoworld, 20(4), 296–307. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2011.04.001292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Online290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. doi:10.1111/let.12396 D. leve318Steiner, G. & Kabat, A. R. (2004). Catalog of species-group names of Recent and fossil Scaphopoda (Mollusca). Zoosystema, 26(4), 549–726. Online D. pauperculum63Waage, K. M. (1968). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 1. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironments. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 27, 1–175. Belegstelle: S. 126. Online290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034 D. ripleyanum318Steiner, G. & Kabat, A. R. (2004). Catalog of species-group names of Recent and fossil Scaphopoda (Mollusca). Zoosystema, 26(4), 549–726. Online D. wadei318Steiner, G. & Kabat, A. R. (2004). Catalog of species-group names of Recent and fossil Scaphopoda (Mollusca). Zoosystema, 26(4), 549–726. Online D. spp.302Mapel, W. J. & Pillmore, C. L. (1964). Geology of the Upton Quadrangle, Crook and Weston counties, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1181-J: J1–J54. Belegstelle: S. J36. doi:10.3133/b1181J235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. doi:10.1111/let.12396 |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
Kanada (Manitoba); USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
425 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Dentalidae (Kahnfüßer) |
| 18 |
Dosiniopsis
|
D. deweyi289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. Belegstelle: S. A52, Einheit 91. doi:10.3133/pp393A310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 123–127. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Veneridae (Venusmuschel) |
| 19 |
Endocostea
|
E. typica290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034260Sealey, P. L., Berry, K. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). The Campanian-Maastrichtian baculite zonal sequence in the Pierre Shale, Berwind Canyon, Las Animas County, Colorado. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 81–88. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1, Baculites baculus-Zone. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.81 | Pierre Shale | USA (Colorado, Montana) |
72–71 Ma | selten | Inoceramidae |
| 20 |
Epilucina
|
E. cedrensis (?)310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 103–104. Gattungszuordnung bzw. Bestimmung fraglich. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | selten | Lucinidae (Mondmuschel) |
| 21 |
Erycina
|
E. spp.310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 102. Gattungszuordnung bzw. Bestimmung fraglich. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Lasaeidae |
| 22 |
Exogyra
|
E. costata319Gill, J. R. et al. (1975). Unedited stratigraphic sections of the Pierre Shale near Round Butte and Buckeye in Larimer County, northern Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 75–129, 1–12. Hinweis: Larimer Sandstone Member, D1013. doi:10.3133/ofr75129 | Pierre Shale | USA (Colorado) | 74–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Gryphaeidae (Wabenaustern ) |
| 23 |
Goniomya
|
G. americana310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 152–153. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–34 Ma | häufig | Pholadomyidae |
| 24 |
Granocardium
|
G. aff. whitei310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 116. Online G. spp.284Hartman, J. H. & Kirkland, J. I. (2002). Brackish and marine mollusks of the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota: Evidence for a persisting Cretaceous seaway. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 271–296. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.271 |
Hell Creek Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (South Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Cardiidae (Herzmuschel); G. whitei: Ersatzname für Cardium speciosum Meek & Hayden; historische bzw. alternative Kombinationen: Cardium tippanum, Granocardium tippananum |
| 25 |
Hiatella
|
H. spp.284Hartman, J. H. & Kirkland, J. I. (2002). Brackish and marine mollusks of the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota: Evidence for a persisting Cretaceous seaway. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 271–296. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.271310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 137. Gattungszuordnung bzw. Bestimmung fraglich. Online | Hell Creek Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (South Dakota) | 162 Ma bis heute | selten | Hiatellidae (Felsenbohrmuschel); Bestimmung unsicher |
| 26 |
Hindsiella
|
H. corsonensis310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 101–102. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | selten | Galeommatidae |
| 27 |
Ichthyosarcolites
|
I. spp.310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 157–158. Gattungszuordnung bzw. Bestimmung fraglich. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | selten | Ichthyosarcolitidae (Rudist) |
| 28 |
Idonearca
|
I. shumardi302Mapel, W. J. & Pillmore, C. L. (1964). Geology of the Upton Quadrangle, Crook and Weston counties, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1181-J: J1–J54. Hinweis: oberer Pierre Shale, Fundstellen D407, D435, D437 und D434. doi:10.3133/b1181J289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. Belegstelle: S. A51, Einheiten 93, 95 und 96. doi:10.3133/pp393A | Pierre Shale | USA (Wyoming) | 72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Cucullaeidae (Hauben-Archenmuschel) |
| 29 |
Inoceramus
|
I. glendivensis291Landman, N. H. et al. (2026). The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary in the Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, Montana: Environment of Deposition Based on Geochemical, Sedimentological, and Paleontological Evidence. American Museum Novitates, 4052, 1–53. Belegstelle: Text, Abbildungen und Anhang 1. doi:10.1206/4052.1260Sealey, P. L., Berry, K. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). The Campanian-Maastrichtian baculite zonal sequence in the Pierre Shale, Berwind Canyon, Las Animas County, Colorado. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 81–88. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1, Baculites baculus-Zone. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.81 I. incurvus291Landman, N. H. et al. (2026). The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary in the Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, Montana: Environment of Deposition Based on Geochemical, Sedimentological, and Paleontological Evidence. American Museum Novitates, 4052, 1–53. Belegstelle: Text, Abbildungen und Anhang 1. doi:10.1206/4052.1260Sealey, P. L., Berry, K. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). The Campanian-Maastrichtian baculite zonal sequence in the Pierre Shale, Berwind Canyon, Las Animas County, Colorado. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 81–88. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1, Baculites baculus-Zone. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.81 I. spp.227Hoganson, J. W., Campbell, J. M. & Murphy, E. C. (1994). Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Stumpf site, Morton County, North Dakota. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Sciences, 48, 95. |
Hell Creek Formation, Pierre Shale |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Inoceramidae; Bestimmung unsicher |
| 30 |
Leptosolen
|
L. spp.284Hartman, J. H. & Kirkland, J. I. (2002). Brackish and marine mollusks of the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota: Evidence for a persisting Cretaceous seaway. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 271–296. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.271 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 72–62 Ma | sehr häufig | Cultellidae; Solenidae (Scheidenmuschel) |
| 31 |
Limopsis
|
L. striatopunctata290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 46–48. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
175 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Limopsidae; L. striatopunctata: historische Schreibweise L. striatopunctatus |
| 32 |
Malletia
|
M. evansi290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Systematik S. 52–88. Online310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 42–43. Online302Mapel, W. J. & Pillmore, C. L. (1964). Geology of the Upton Quadrangle, Crook and Weston counties, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1181-J: J1–J54. Belegstelle: S. J36, Fox-Hills-Fundort USGS 11924. doi:10.3133/b1181J314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
252 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Malletiidae |
| 33 |
Modiolus
|
M. aff. attenuatus310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 74–77. Online M. cf. galpinianus (?)227Hoganson, J. W., Campbell, J. M. & Murphy, E. C. (1994). Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Stumpf site, Morton County, North Dakota. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Sciences, 48, 95. M. galpinianus290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 74–77. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online M. meeki290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und systematischer Teil, S. 21–52. Online292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Systematik S. 52–88. Online310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 74–77. Online M. spp.235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396 |
Hell Creek Formation, Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
419 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Mytilidae (Miesmuschel) |
| 34 |
Mya
|
M. spp.310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 140. Gattungszuordnung bzw. Bestimmung fraglich. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | selten | Myidae (Klaffmuschel) |
| 35 |
Nucula
|
N. cancellata290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 29–34. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online N. obsoletastriata314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online N. percrassa290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und systematischer Teil, S. 21–52. Online310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 29–34. Online N. planomarginata290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 29–34. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online N. spp.235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1. doi:10.1111/let.12396302Mapel, W. J. & Pillmore, C. L. (1964). Geology of the Upton Quadrangle, Crook and Weston counties, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1181-J: J1–J54. Belegstelle: S. J36, Fox-Hills-Fundort USGS 11924. doi:10.3133/b1181J |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
477 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Nuculidae (Nussmuschel) |
| 36 |
Nuculana
|
N. bisulcata289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. Belegstelle: S. A51, Einheit 98, D2119, Baculites grandis-Zone. doi:10.3133/pp393A N. grandensis290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 35–39. Online N. scitula290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und systematischer Teil, S. 21–52. Online310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 35–39. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online N. tarensis314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
252 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Nuculanidae (Schnabelmuschel); N. bisulcata: synonym zu Leda bisulcata; historische bzw. alternative Kombinationen: Leda pinnaforma, Leda pinniformis, Leda protexta |
| 37 |
Nymphalucina
|
N. occidentalis290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Systematik S. 52–88. Online310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 105–108. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Lucinidae; historische bzw. alternative Kombinationen: Nymphalucina ? linearea |
| 38 |
Obovaria
|
O. pyramidella (?)312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68 Ma bis heute | selten | Unionidae (Süßwassermuschel) |
| 39 |
Opertochasma
|
O. cuneatum310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 148–149. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Pholadidae (Bohrmuschel) |
| 40 |
Ostrea
|
O. translucida290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 2. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 91–92. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
143 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Ostreidae (Auster); O. translucida: synonym zu Ostrea pellucida |
| 41 |
Oxytoma
|
O. nebrascana290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 82–86. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Oxytomidae |
| 42 |
Panopea
|
P. occidentalis310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 137–138. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
252 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Hiatellidae (Felsenbohrer) |
| 43 |
Parallelodon
|
P. sulcatinus310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 57–61. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Parallelodontidae; P. sulcatinus: auch als Nemodon sulcatinus und Grammatodon sulcatinus geführt |
| 44 |
Parapholas
|
P. spp.310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 146. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Pholadidae (Bohrmuschel) |
| 45 |
Pecten
|
P. (Chlamys) nebrascensis290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Systematik S. 52–88. Online | Pierre Shale | USA (Montana, North Dakota) |
72 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Pectinidae (Kammmuschel) |
| 46 |
Periploma
|
P. subgracile310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 149–150. Online311Erickson, J. M. (1978). Bivalve mollusk range extensions in the Fox Hills Formation (Maestrichtian) of North and South Dakota and their implications for the Late Cretaceous geologic history of the Williston Basin. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science, 32(2), 79–89. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | häufig | Periplomatidae (Löffelmuschel) |
| 47 |
Phelopteria
|
P. linguiformis290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1 und systematischer Teil, S. 21–52. Online292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Systematik S. 52–88. Online310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 71–73. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
74–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Bakevelliidae; P. linguiformis: auch als P. linguaeformis geführt |
| 48 |
Pholadomya
|
P. deweyensis290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 151–152. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota) |
Gattung 237 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Pholadomyidae |
| 49 |
Platyceramus
|
P. balchii260Sealey, P. L., Berry, K. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). The Campanian-Maastrichtian baculite zonal sequence in the Pierre Shale, Berwind Canyon, Las Animas County, Colorado. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 81–88. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1, Baculites clinolobatus-Zone. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.81 P. stephensoni260Sealey, P. L., Berry, K. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). The Campanian-Maastrichtian baculite zonal sequence in the Pierre Shale, Berwind Canyon, Las Animas County, Colorado. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 81–88. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1, Baculites clinolobatus-Zone. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.81 |
Pierre Shale | USA (Colorado) | 70–69 Ma | selten | Inoceramidae |
| 50 |
Pleiodon
|
P. sp.312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68 Ma bis heute | selten | Iridinidae; Bestimmung unsicher |
| 51 |
Plesielliptio
|
P. cf. brachyopisthus (?)285Roth, B. & Hartman, J. H. (1998). A probable Cerion (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from the uppermost Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Garfield County, Montana. PaleoBios, 18(2–3), 16–20. P. postbiplicatus312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 P. stantoni312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 P. whitfieldi312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 |
Hell Creek Formation | USA (North Dakota, Montana) |
68–66 Ma | selten | Unionidae (Süßwassermuschel); P. stantoni: synonym zu Plesielliptio gibbosoides |
| 52 |
Plethobasus
|
P. aesopiformis312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 P. biesopoides312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 |
Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68 Ma bis heute | selten | Unionidae (Süßwassermuschel) |
| 53 |
Pleurobema
|
P. cryptorhynchus312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68 Ma bis heute | selten | Unionidae (Süßwassermuschel) |
| 54 |
Proparreysia
|
P. barnumi312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 P. corbiculoides312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 P. holmesiana312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 P. letsoni312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 P. paucinodosa312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 P. percorrugata312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 P. pyramidatoides312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 P. retusoides312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 P. verrucosiformis312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 |
Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Unionidae (Süßwassermuschel) |
| 55 |
Protocardia
|
P. subquadrata289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. Belegstelle: S. A52, Einheiten 89 und 91. doi:10.3133/pp393A292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Systematik S. 52–88. Online290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 117–122. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online P. spp.310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 117–122. Online |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Cardiidae; P. subquadrata: synonym zu Cardium rarum / Protocardia rara sensu Speden (1970); historische bzw. alternative Kombinationen: Cardium spillmani |
| 56 |
Protodonax
|
P. spp.310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 131. Gattungszuordnung bzw. Bestimmung fraglich. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Donacidae (Koffermuschel) |
| 57 |
Pseudoptera
|
P. subtortuosa310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 66–70. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
69–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Bakevelliidae; P. subtortuosa: synonym zu Gervillia subtortuosa und Gervillia recta |
| 58 |
Quadrula
|
Q. cylindricoides312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68 Ma bis heute | selten | Unionidae (Süßwassermuschel) |
| 59 |
Rhabdotophorus
|
R. aldrichi312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68–66 Ma | selten | Unionidae (Süßwassermuschel) |
| 60 |
Saxicavella
|
S. minuta310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 139–140. Online320Hryniewicz, K. et al. (2019). A late Paleocene fauna from shallow-water chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64. Belegstelle: S. 123: Zuordnung von Cyrtodaria? minuta zu Saxicavella. doi:10.4202/app.00554.2018 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | selten | Hiatellidae (Felsenbohrer); S. minuta: früher Cyrtodaria? minuta |
| 61 |
Solemya
|
S. subplicata290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 44–45. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | selten | Solemyidae (Schotenmuschel) |
| 62 |
Sourimis
|
S. equilateralis310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 135–136. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | selten | Tellinidae (Tellmuschel); S. equilateralis: früher Tellina equilateralis |
| 63 |
Spaniorinus
|
S. nicolleti310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 99–101. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Galeommatidae |
| 64 |
Sphaerium
|
S. beckmani312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 S. cf. subellipticum (?)285Roth, B. & Hartman, J. H. (1998). A probable Cerion (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from the uppermost Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Garfield County, Montana. PaleoBios, 18(2–3), 16–20. S. sp.296Stanton, T. W. (1909). The age and stratigraphic relationships of the “Ceratops beds” of Wyoming and Montana. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 11(3), 239–293.298Breithaupt, B. H. (1982). Paleontology and paleoecology of the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian), east flank of Rock Springs Uplift, Sweetwater County, Wyoming. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 21(2), 123–151. Online |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68 Ma bis heute | häufig | Sphaeriidae (Kugelmuschel) |
| 65 |
Spisula
|
S. spp.310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 126–127. Gattungszuordnung bzw. Bestimmung fraglich. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | selten | Mactridae (Trogmuschel) |
| 66 |
Strophitus
|
cf. sp. (?)285Roth, B. & Hartman, J. H. (1998). A probable Cerion (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from the uppermost Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Garfield County, Montana. PaleoBios, 18(2–3), 16–20. | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 68 Ma bis heute | selten | Unionidae (Süßwassermuschel); Bestimmung unsicher |
| 67 |
Syncyclonema
|
S. halli310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 87–88. Online S. simplicus300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Belegstelle: S. 35–36 und 47–48. Online |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, South Dakota) |
74–62 Ma | sehr häufig | Entoliidae; S. kingi: synonym zu Pecten kingi; S. simplicus: synonym zu Pecten simplicus; S. travisanus: synonym zu Pecten travisanus; historische bzw. alternative Kombinationen: Pectinella simplicius, Syncyclonema simplica, Syncyclonema simplicius |
| 68 |
Tancredia
|
T. americana310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 113–115. Online314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–62 Ma | sehr häufig | Tancrediidae |
| 69 |
Tellina
|
T. cheyennensis314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 143 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Tellinidae (Tellmuschel) |
| 70 |
Tellinimera
|
T. scitula310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 132–134. Online302Mapel, W. J. & Pillmore, C. L. (1964). Geology of the Upton Quadrangle, Crook and Weston counties, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1181-J: J1–J54. Belegstelle: S. J36, Fox-Hills-Fundort USGS 11924. doi:10.3133/b1181J314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
72–5 Ma | sehr häufig | Tellinidae (Tellmuschel); T. scitula: früher Tellina scitula; historische bzw. alternative Kombinationen: Tellina buboana |
| 71 |
Tenea
|
T. parilis300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Belegstelle: S. 35–36 und 47–48. Online | Pierre Shale | USA (Colorado) | 74–56 Ma | sehr häufig | Arcticidae (?) (Islandmuschel) |
| 72 | Tenuipteria | T. fibrosa290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Systematik S. 52–88. Online310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 62–65. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Inoceramidae; T. fibrosa: früher Inoceramus fibrosus; historische bzw. alternative Kombinationen: Tenuiptereus argenteus, Tenuipteria argenteus |
| 73 |
Trochoceramus
|
T. radiosus291Landman, N. H. et al. (2026). The Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary in the Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, Montana: Environment of Deposition Based on Geochemical, Sedimentological, and Paleontological Evidence. American Museum Novitates, 4052, 1–53. Belegstelle: Text, Abbildungen und Anhang 1. doi:10.1206/4052.1260Sealey, P. L., Berry, K. & Lucas, S. G. (2019). The Campanian-Maastrichtian baculite zonal sequence in the Pierre Shale, Berwind Canyon, Las Animas County, Colorado. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70, 81–88. Belegstelle: Tabelle 1, Baculites grandis-Zone. doi:10.56577/FFC-70.81 | Pierre Shale | USA (Colorado, Montana) |
72–70 Ma | selten | Inoceramidae |
| 74 |
Unio
|
U. sp.303Emmons, S. F., Cross, W. & Eldridge, G. H. (1896). Geology of the Denver basin in Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Monograph, 27, 1–556. doi:10.3133/m27 | Laramie Formation | USA (Colorado) | 68 Ma bis heute | selten | Unionidae (Süßwassermuschel); Bestimmung unsicher |
| 75 |
Varicorbula
|
V. crassimarginata289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. Belegstelle: S. A51, Einheit 93, D1982–D1984, Baculites baculus-Zone. doi:10.3133/pp393A310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 141–143. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (South Dakota, Wyoming) |
143 Ma bis heute | selten | Corbulidae (Korbmuschel); V. crassimarginata: früher Corbula crassimarginata |
| 76 |
Veniella
|
V. humilis302Mapel, W. J. & Pillmore, C. L. (1964). Geology of the Upton Quadrangle, Crook and Weston counties, Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1181-J: J1–J54. Belegstelle: S. J36, Fox-Hills-Fundort USGS 11924. doi:10.3133/b1181J | Fox Hills Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 72–56 Ma | sehr häufig | Arcticidae (Islandmuschel) |
| 77 |
Vetericardia
|
V. crenalirata314Feldmann, R. M. (1967). Bivalvia and paleoecology of the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of North Dakota. Dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Belegstelle: Tabelle 2, S. 105–107; systematischer Teil. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 69–66 Ma | selten | Carditidae |
| 78 |
Yoldia
|
Y. lacrima310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 40–41. Online Y. rectangularis290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. Belegstelle: Anhang, Tabelle 1. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034 Y. spp.310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 40–41. Online |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | häufig | Yoldiidae |
| Bivalvia indet.312Russell, L. S. (1976). Pelecypods of the Hell Creek Formation (Uppermost Cretaceous) of Garfield County, Montana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 365–388. doi:10.1139/e76-039 | Hell Creek Formation | USA (Montana) | 72–66 Ma | sehr häufig | unbestimmte Muscheln | ||
| Corbiculidae indet.284Hartman, J. H. & Kirkland, J. I. (2002). Brackish and marine mollusks of the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota: Evidence for a persisting Cretaceous seaway. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 271–296. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.271 | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Körbchenmuscheln | ||
| Ostreidae indet.321Cope, E. D. (1872). On the existence of Dinosauria in the transition beds of Wyoming. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 12, 481–483. | Lance Formation | USA (Wyoming) | 72–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Austern | ||
| Unionidae indet.227Hoganson, J. W., Campbell, J. M. & Murphy, E. C. (1994). Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Stumpf site, Morton County, North Dakota. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Sciences, 48, 95.298Breithaupt, B. H. (1982). Paleontology and paleoecology of the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian), east flank of Rock Springs Uplift, Sweetwater County, Wyoming. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 21(2), 123–151. Online | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
USA (North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
68–66 Ma | häufig | unbestimmte Süßwassermuscheln |
Die Arten Acutostrea plumosa, Exogyra costata, Syncyclonema simplicus und Tenea parilis sind im Pierre Shale in den hier zitierten Nachweisen nur aus Schichten des Campaniums überliefert. Da sie aber auch in Fundstellen belegt sind, die ins späte Maastrichtium fallen (ungefähr 68–66 Ma), ist ihr Überleben bis zum Ende der Kreidezeit auch im Pierre Shale plausibel. Dies lässt sich momentan aber nicht konkret belegen.322Kunath, M., Phillips, G. & Clary, R. M. (2020). Cretaceous cultch: substrate availability for oyster Exogyra in the Maastrichtian of the eastern Mississippi Embayment. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 37(3), 197–211. doi:10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2020.3.1580
Der Kahnfüßer Dentalium gracile ist in der Fox Hills Formation besonders häufig aus dem Millwood Member bei Russell (Manitoba), allerdings noch aus dem Campanium mit über 440 Exemplaren belegt. Weitere, zwar seltenere, aber wiederum jüngere Nachweise stammen aus North Dakota sowie aus frühmaastrichtischen Schichten in Montana und Wyoming. D. pauperculum und Dentalium sp. sind ebenfalls aus dem Maastrichtium belegt.317Li, R.-Y., Young, H. R. & Zhan, R.-B. (2011). Drilling predation on scaphopods and other molluscs from the Upper Cretaceous of Manitoba, Canada. Palaeoworld, 20(4), 296–307. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2011.04.001292Brinster, K. F. (1970). Molluscan paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. Online290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. doi:10.1111/let.12396
Armfüßer:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Discinisca
|
D. sp.300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Online290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034 | Pierre Shale | USA (Colorado, Montana, Wyoming) |
74–71 Ma | häufig | Discinidae |
| 2 |
Lingula
|
L. nitida323Jensen, F. S. & Varnes, H. D. (1964). Geology of the Fort Peck area, Garfield, McCone and Valley Counties, Montana. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 414-F, F1–F49. doi:10.3133/pp414F324Gill, J. R., Merewether, E. A. & Cobban, W. A. (1970). Stratigraphy and nomenclature of some Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary rocks in south-central Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 667, 1–53. Belegstelle: S. 43. doi:10.3133/pp667 L. aff. subspatulata300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Online L. sp.235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. doi:10.1111/let.12396 |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, Wyoming) |
74–66 Ma | häufig | Lingulidae |
Ringelwürmer:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Diploconcha
|
Diploconcha? sp.289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. doi:10.3133/pp393A | Pierre Shale | USA (Wyoming) | 73–70 Ma | selten | Serpulidae |
| 2 |
Serpula
|
S. cretacea300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Online | Pierre Shale | USA (Colorado) | 75 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Serpulidae (Kalkröhrenwurm); synonym zu Diploconcha cretacea und Serpula whitfieldi |
Serpula cretacea ist in den hier zitierten Nachweisen aus Colorado nur aus dem Campanium überliefert. Da die Art auch aus der spätmaastrichtischen Owl Creek Formation bekannt ist, ist ihr Überleben bis zum Ende der Kreidezeit auch im Pierre Shale plausibel. Dies lässt sich momentan aber nicht konkret belegen. Die Kombination Serpula cretacea folgt Sava (2007); die historische Kombination Diploconcha cretacea wird als Synonym angegeben, ohne eine abschließend geklärte aktuelle Gattungszuordnung zu behaupten. Die unbestimmten Wyoming-Röhren Diploconcha? sp. werden dieser Art nicht zugeordnet; sie sind unter anderem in den Zonen von Baculites baculus und B. grandis belegt.300Sava, L. A. (2007). The molluscan and brachiopod fauna of the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale (Baculites compressus/Baculites cuneatus biozones) near Kremmling, Colorado. M.Sc.-Arbeit, University of South Florida, Tampa. Online289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. doi:10.3133/pp393A
Korallen:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Bathycyathus
|
B. lloydi325Vaughan, T. W. (1920). Corals from the Cannonball marine member of the Lance Formation. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 128, 61–66.326Baron-Szabo, R. C. & Leloux, J. (2024). Distribution and palaeoecology of scleractinian corals during the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 103, e14. doi:10.1017/njg.2024.7 | Lance Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 113 Ma bis heute | selten | Caryophylliidae; synonym zu Paracyathus lloydi, Paracyathus thomi und Paracyathus kayserensis |
| 2 |
Micrabacia
|
M. marylandica327Stephenson, L. W. (1916). North American Upper Cretaceous corals of the genus Micrabacia. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 98-J, 115–131. Online326Baron-Szabo, R. C. & Leloux, J. (2024). Distribution and palaeoecology of scleractinian corals during the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 103, e14. doi:10.1017/njg.2024.7 M. cf. radiata315Henderson, J. (1920). The Cretaceous formations of northeastern Colorado and the foothills formations of north-central Colorado. Colorado Geological Survey Bulletin, 19, 1–98. Belegstelle: S. 47. doi:10.58783/cgs.b19.jecs8641326Baron-Szabo, R. C. & Leloux, J. (2024). Distribution and palaeoecology of scleractinian corals during the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 103, e14. doi:10.1017/njg.2024.7 M. radiata328Meek, F. B. (1876). A report on the invertebrate Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils of the Upper Missouri country. Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 9, 1–629. Belegstelle: S. 1–2. Online326Baron-Szabo, R. C. & Leloux, J. (2024). Distribution and palaeoecology of scleractinian corals during the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 103, e14. doi:10.1017/njg.2024.7235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. doi:10.1111/let.12396289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. doi:10.3133/pp393A304Hoganson, J. W. et al. (o. J.). Plioplatecarpus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae) and associated vertebrate and invertebrate fossils from the Pierre Shale (Campanian), Cooperstown site, Griggs County, North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey. Online327Stephenson, L. W. (1916). North American Upper Cretaceous corals of the genus Micrabacia. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 98-J, 115–131. Online329BARON-SZABO, R. C. (2008). Corals of the K/T-boundary: Scleractinian corals of the suborders Dendrophylliina, Caryophylliina, Fungiina, Microsolenina, and Stylinina. Zootaxa, 1952(1). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1952.1.1 |
Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
78–62 Ma | sehr häufig | Micrabaciidae (Steinkoralle); M. radiata: synonym zu Micrabacia americana; M. marylandica: synonym zu M. hilgardi; M. radiata: synonym zu M. mississippiensis und M. rotatilis einschließlich var. georgiana |
| 3 |
Palaeopsammia
|
P. zitteli325Vaughan, T. W. (1920). Corals from the Cannonball marine member of the Lance Formation. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 128, 61–66.326Baron-Szabo, R. C. & Leloux, J. (2024). Distribution and palaeoecology of scleractinian corals during the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 103, e14. doi:10.1017/njg.2024.7 | Lance Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 66–48 Ma | selten | Dendrophylliidae; synonym zu Steriphonotrochus leithensis |
| 4 |
Trochocyathus
|
T. mitratus325Vaughan, T. W. (1920). Corals from the Cannonball marine member of the Lance Formation. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 128, 61–66.326Baron-Szabo, R. C. & Leloux, J. (2024). Distribution and palaeoecology of scleractinian corals during the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 103, e14. doi:10.1017/njg.2024.7 T. speciosus330Wells, J. W. (1933). Corals of the Cretaceous of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains and Western Interior of the United States. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 18(67), 85–288. Online326Baron-Szabo, R. C. & Leloux, J. (2024). Distribution and palaeoecology of scleractinian corals during the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 103, e14. doi:10.1017/njg.2024.7 T. spp.289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. doi:10.3133/pp393A |
Lance Formation, Pierre Shale |
USA (Colorado, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming) |
206 Ma bis heute | sehr häufig | Caryophylliidae (Steinkoralle); synonym zu Trochocyathus dakotaensis und Trochocyathus neumani; T. mitratus: synonym zu Trochocyathus dakotaensis und Trochocyathus neumani; T. speciosus: synonym zu Trochocyathus egerius und Trochocyathus woolmani |
Die Korallen aus der Fox Hills Formation wurden historisch als Micrabacia americana beziehungsweise M. cf. americana bestimmt. Nach der Revision von 2024 werden sie hier unter M. radiata beziehungsweise M. cf. radiata geführt. Die unsichere Bestimmung aus Colorado bleibt damit erhalten. Die fraglich bestimmten Korallen aus Wyoming (Trochocyathus? sp., Fundstelle D2118) gehören zur Baculites grandis-Zone, ungefähr 71–70 Ma, und bleiben unbestimmt.326Baron-Szabo, R. C. & Leloux, J. (2024). Distribution and palaeoecology of scleractinian corals during the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 103, e14. doi:10.1017/njg.2024.7330Wells, J. W. (1933). Corals of the Cretaceous of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains and Western Interior of the United States. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 18(67), 85–288. Online289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. doi:10.3133/pp393A235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. doi:10.1111/let.12396
Auch die als Micrabacia americana publizierten Funde aus dem Pierre Shale werden nach der Revision von 2024 unter M. radiata geführt. Trochocyathus egerius wird entsprechend als T. speciosus eingetragen. Dessen historische Pierre-Angaben betreffen Colorado, New Mexico und South Dakota; ihre genaue moderne biostratigraphische Einordnung ist nicht gesichert. Das Maastrichtium umfasst ungefähr 72–66 Ma, doch diese Stufengrenzen sind keine exakten Fundalter. Der gesonderte Lewis-Shale-Nachweis wird nicht als Pierre-Nachweis übernommen. Die fraglich bestimmten Korallen aus Wyoming (Trochocyathus? sp., Fundstelle D2118) gehören zur Baculites grandis-Zone, ungefähr 71–70 Ma, und bleiben unbestimmt.326Baron-Szabo, R. C. & Leloux, J. (2024). Distribution and palaeoecology of scleractinian corals during the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 103, e14. doi:10.1017/njg.2024.7330Wells, J. W. (1933). Corals of the Cretaceous of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains and Western Interior of the United States. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 18(67), 85–288. Online289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. doi:10.3133/pp393A235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. doi:10.1111/let.12396
Schwämme:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Porifera indet.235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. doi:10.1111/let.12396310Speden, I. G. (1970). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 2. Systematics of the Bivalvia. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 33, 1–222. Belegstelle: S. 95, Taf. 20. Online258Cvancara, A. M. (1976). Geology of the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous) in the Williston Basin of North Dakota, with reference to uranium potential. North Dakota Geological Survey, Report of Investigation, 55, 1–16. Online | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | selten | Porifera (Schwamm) |
Marine Mikrofossilien:
| Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ammodiscus | A. cretaceus331Mello, J. F. (1969). Foraminifera and stratigraphy of the upper part of the Pierre Shale and lower part of the Fox Hills Sandstone (Cretaceous), north-central South Dakota. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 611, 1–121. Belegstelle: S. 41–42. doi:10.3133/pp611 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 77–66 Ma | Ammodiscidae (Foraminifere) |
| Bathysiphon | B. brosgei (?)331Mello, J. F. (1969). Foraminifera and stratigraphy of the upper part of the Pierre Shale and lower part of the Fox Hills Sandstone (Cretaceous), north-central South Dakota. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 611, 1–121. Belegstelle: S. 40–41. doi:10.3133/pp611 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | Bathysiphonidae (Foraminifere) |
| Cordosphaeridium | C. fibrospinosum265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. Hinweis: Abschnitt 5.4 und Abb. 3. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 77–66 Ma | Gonyaulacaceae (Dinoflagellat) |
| Glaphyrocysta | G. sp.265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. Hinweis: Abschnitt 5.4 und Abb. 3. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 77–66 Ma | Areoligeraceae (Dinoflagellat) |
| Haplophragmoides | H. bonanzaensis331Mello, J. F. (1969). Foraminifera and stratigraphy of the upper part of the Pierre Shale and lower part of the Fox Hills Sandstone (Cretaceous), north-central South Dakota. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 611, 1–121. Belegstelle: S. 43–44. doi:10.3133/pp611 H. rota331Mello, J. F. (1969). Foraminifera and stratigraphy of the upper part of the Pierre Shale and lower part of the Fox Hills Sandstone (Cretaceous), north-central South Dakota. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 611, 1–121. Belegstelle: S. 42–43. doi:10.3133/pp611 |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 94–66 Ma | Lituolidae (Foraminifere) |
| Isabelidinium | I. cooksoniae265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. Hinweis: Abschnitt 5.4 und Abb. 3. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 77–66 Ma | Peridiniaceae (Dinoflagellat) |
| Orbignyopora | O. sp.332Cuffey, R. J., Feldmann, R. M. & Pohlable, K. E. (1981). New Bryozoa from the Fox Hills Sandstone (Upper Cretaceous, Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 55(2), 401–409. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | Ctenostomata (Moostierchen) |
| Phelodinium | P. tricuspe265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. Hinweis: Abschnitt 5.4 und Abb. 3. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 77–66 Ma | Congruentidiaceae (Dinoflagellat) |
| Pierrella | P. larsoni333Wilson, M. A. & Taylor, P. D. (2012). Palaeoecology, Preservation and Taxonomy of Encrusting Ctenostome Bryozoans Inhabiting Ammonite Body Chambers in the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale of Wyoming and South Dakota, USA. Bryozoan Studies 2010, 419–433. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16411-8_28334Song, X. et al. (2026). Protist-dominated hard substrate faunas thrive at the deepest ocean depths. Science, 392(6799), 749–754. doi:10.1126/science.aea7086 | Pierre Shale | USA (South Dakota, Wyoming) |
84 Ma bis heute | Pierrellidae (Moostierchen) |
| Reophax | R. sp.331Mello, J. F. (1969). Foraminifera and stratigraphy of the upper part of the Pierre Shale and lower part of the Fox Hills Sandstone (Cretaceous), north-central South Dakota. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 611, 1–121. Belegstelle: S. 41. doi:10.3133/pp611 | Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | Reophacidae (Foraminifere) |
| Triblastula | T. cf. utinensis265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. Hinweis: Abschnitt 5.4 und Abb. 3. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 T. wilsonii265Landman, N. H. et al. (2013). Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: Reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Cretaceous Research, 42, 1–27. Hinweis: Abschnitt 5.4 und Abb. 3. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.011 |
Fox Hills Formation | USA (South Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | Gonyaulacaceae (Dinoflagellat) |
| Verneuilinoides | V. cf. perplexus331Mello, J. F. (1969). Foraminifera and stratigraphy of the upper part of the Pierre Shale and lower part of the Fox Hills Sandstone (Cretaceous), north-central South Dakota. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 611, 1–121. Belegstelle: S. 46. doi:10.3133/pp611 | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (South Dakota) | 144–66 Ma | Verneuilinidae (Foraminifere); Syn.: Verneuilina bearpawensis |
| Villicharixa | V. lintonensis335Taylor, P. D. & Cuffey, R. J. (1992). Cheilostome bryozoans from the Upper Cretaceous of the Drumheller area, Alberta, Canada. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology Series 48, 13–24.332Cuffey, R. J., Feldmann, R. M. & Pohlable, K. E. (1981). New Bryozoa from the Fox Hills Sandstone (Upper Cretaceous, Maestrichtian) of North Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 55(2), 401–409. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | Electridae (Moostierchen); ursprünglich als Wilbertopora? lintonensis beschrieben |
| Bryozoa indet.290Landman, N. H., Slattery, J. S. & Harries, P. J. (2016). Encrustation of inarticulate brachiopods on scaphitid ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from the Upper Cretaceous U. S. Western Interior. Acta Geologica Polonica, 66(4), 645–662. doi:10.1515/agp-2016-0034289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. doi:10.3133/pp393A324Gill, J. R., Merewether, E. A. & Cobban, W. A. (1970). Stratigraphy and nomenclature of some Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary rocks in south-central Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 667, 1–53. Belegstelle: S. 43. doi:10.3133/pp667 | Pierre Shale, Fox Hills Formation |
USA (Montana, Wyoming) |
72–66 Ma | Bryozoa (Moostierchen) | |
| Dinoflagellata indet.336Erickson, J. M. et al. (2010). Late Maastrichtian palynomorphs from the Linton Member of the Fox Hills Formation in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 250. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 77–66 Ma | unbestimmte Dinoflagellaten | |
| Ostracoda indet.63Waage, K. M. (1968). The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian), South Dakota. Part 1. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironments. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 27, 1–175. Belegstelle: S. 126. Online258Cvancara, A. M. (1976). Geology of the Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous) in the Williston Basin of North Dakota, with reference to uranium potential. North Dakota Geological Survey, Report of Investigation, 55, 1–16. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota, South Dakota) |
72–66 Ma | unbestimmte Muschelkrebse |
Die aus der Fox Hills Formation benannten Dinoflagellaten stammen aus dem Intervall unterhalb, innerhalb und oberhalb der Disturbed Zone in den Badlands. Diese Fossilien sprechen für ein Alter deutlich vor der Kreide–Paläogen-Grenze. Bei Triblastula utinensis bleibt die vorsichtigere Bestimmung der Abbildungslegende als T. cf. utinensis erhalten.326Baron-Szabo, R. C. & Leloux, J. (2024). Distribution and palaeoecology of scleractinian corals during the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 103, e14. doi:10.1017/njg.2024.7330Wells, J. W. (1933). Corals of the Cretaceous of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains and Western Interior of the United States. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 18(67), 85–288. Online289Gill, J. R. & Cobban, W. A. (1966). The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming. With a section on A new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming by P. M. Kier. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 393-A, A1–A73. doi:10.3133/pp393A235Ryan, D. R., Witts, J. D. & Landman, N. H. (2021). Palaeoecological analysis of a methane seep deposit from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of the U. S. Western Interior. Lethaia, 54(2), 185–203. doi:10.1111/let.12396
|
Kirk R. Johnson |
Die meisten der hier behandelten Pflanzenfossilien stammen von der Typlokalität der Hell Creek Formation im Tal des Hell Creek nahe Jordan im Garfield County im Osten Montanas, genauer im Gebiet südlich des heutigen Fort Peck-Reservoirs. Zu ihnen hat Kirk R. Johnson die bislang umfangreichste paläobotanische Arbeit vorgelegt. Johnson teilte die Formation in mehrere Altersabschnitte, sogenannte Flora-Zonen ein. In dem mehr als zwei Millionen Jahre umfassenden Ablagerungszeitraum haben sich Landschaft und Pflanzenwelt mehrfach verändert. Die Kürzel HCIa bis HCIII bezeichnen aufeinanderfolgende Flora-Zonen innerhalb der Hell Creek Formation.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 |
In den folgenden Tabellen ist bei jeder Pflanze eben jene Flora-Zone grün markiert, in der die betreffende Art nach den ausgewerteten Fundzahlen von Johnson am häufigsten war. Wo lediglich das Vorkommen in mehreren Zonen, aber kein belastbares Häufigkeitsmaximum dokumentiert ist, habe ich keine Markierung vorgenommen. Johnson erfasste insgesamt mehr als 300 Pflanzenmorphen, allein 278 Morphotypen von Angiospermen aus der Hell Creek Formation der Fort Peck-Lokalität.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 Die meisten konnten aber nicht näher bestimmt werden, besitzen lediglich Arbeitsnummern und keine wissenschaftlich publizierten Namen. Daher tauchen sie hier nicht in der Tabelle auf. Dennoch war die Pflanzenwelt zu jener Zeit noch deutlich vielfältiger als es hier in den folgenden Tabellen den Anschein hat! Ein zwar weniger umfangreicher, aber ebenfalls interessanter Fundbericht existiert auch zur Brownie Butte-Lokalität, ebenfalls in Montana. Aus der Lance Formation in Wyoming ist ebenfalls eine umfangreiche fossile Flora bekannt. Die historischen Bestimmungen der dort gefundenen Farne lassen sich jedoch noch nicht zuverlässig mit der modernen Systematik in Einklang bringen. Aus der Ferris Formation sind Pflanzenreste und Palynomorphen überliefert. Aus der Cimarron Ridge Formation liegt gegenwärtig kein sicher benanntes Pflanzenfossil vor, dort findet sich aber wiederum Kohle, was auf eine dichte Bewaldung oder Gebiete hinweist, in denen sich Torf bildete.
Bei mehreren älteren, allein anhand der Blattmorphologie aufgestellten Namen ist die Zuordnung zu einer heutigen Gattung oder Familie unsicher. Diese Fälle sind in der Tabelle durch ein Fragezeichen gekennzeichnet. Einige der hier aufgeführten Pflanzen stammen aus den Flora-Zonen FU0 und FUI und gehören damit bereits zur paläozänen Fort Union Formation, andere auch aus der ebenfalls paläozänen D1-Sequenz der Denver Formation. Sie wurden hier zur Veranschaulichung des tiefgreifenden Florenwandels nach dem Meteoriteneinschlag aber mitgeführt. Eine Kennzeichnung „Hell Creek Formation (?)“ bedeutet somit, dass keine gesicherte Herkunft aus kreidezeitlichen Hell Creek-Schichten direkt belegt ist, sondern weist lediglich auf ein mögliches, bislang nicht nachgewiesenes Vorkommen unmittelbar vor der K–Pg-Grenze hin. Nach dem Meteoriteneinschlag veränderte sich die Pflanzenwelt massiv. Zahlreiche kreidezeitliche Pflanzen verschwanden, während Farne unmittelbar nach dem Massenaussterben besonders stark zunahmen. Dieser sogenannte Farn-Spike zeigt die vorübergehende Ausbreitung von Farnen in den gestörten Landschaften an. Anschließend entwickelten sich neue paläozäne Pflanzengesellschaften.
↑ Zurück zu den Pflanzengruppen
Lebermoose:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Marchantia
|
M. pealii337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIa),Fort Union Formation (FUI) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
ca. 68–65 Ma | häufig | Lebermoos (Marchantiophyta) |
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Schachtelhalme:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Equisetum
|
Equisetum sp.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII) | North Dakota, South Dakota |
66 Ma | selten | Schachtelhalm (Equisetaceae) |
↑ Zurück zu den Pflanzengruppen
Farne:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dryopteris | D. carbonensis338Knowlton, F. H. (1922). The Laramie flora of the Denver Basin, with a review of the Laramie problem. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 130, 1–175. D. lakesii338Knowlton, F. H. (1922). The Laramie flora of the Denver Basin, with a review of the Laramie problem. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 130, 1–175.339Holian, F. B. et al. (2026). Application of a novel schema for describing fossil fern foliage and investigating taxonomic and morphological change across the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary in western North America. American Journal of Botany, 113(8), e70243. doi:10.1002/ajb2.70243 |
Laramie Formation | Colorado | ca. 69–68 Ma | selten | Farn (Dryopteridaceae); historische Formart; Familienzuordnung unsicher |
| 2 |
Hydropteridium
|
H. pinnatum337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329340Hermsen, E. J. (2025). Filicites, Dorfiella, Hydropteris, or Hydropteridium: The correct name for a group of aquatic ferns from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Phytotaxa, 733(1), 149–153. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.733.1.8339Holian, F. B. et al. (2026). Application of a novel schema for describing fossil fern foliage and investigating taxonomic and morphological change across the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary in western North America. American Journal of Botany, 113(8), e70243. doi:10.1002/ajb2.70243 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIIa) | North Dakota, South Dakota |
ca. 67 Ma | selten | Heterosporer Wasserfarn (Salviniales); früher als Hydropteris pinnata bezeichnet |
| 3 |
Salvinia
|
Salvinia sp.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329339Holian, F. B. et al. (2026). Application of a novel schema for describing fossil fern foliage and investigating taxonomic and morphological change across the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary in western North America. American Journal of Botany, 113(8), e70243. doi:10.1002/ajb2.70243 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII) | North Dakota | 66 Ma | Einzelfund | Schwimmfarn (Salviniaceae) |
| Polypodiales | Polypodiales indet.339Holian, F. B. et al. (2026). Application of a novel schema for describing fossil fern foliage and investigating taxonomic and morphological change across the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary in western North America. American Journal of Botany, 113(8), e70243. doi:10.1002/ajb2.70243337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII), Denver Formation |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Colorado |
ca. 66 Ma | selten | Nicht näher bestimmbarer Farn (Polypodiales); das Hell-Creek-Material wurde früher den Polypodiaceae zugeordnet |
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Palmfarne und Bennettitales:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Nilssoniocladus
|
N. comtula341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75. N. yukonensis337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 |
Hell Creek Formation (Brownie Butte, HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII) |
Montana North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Cycadeoidee (Williamsoniaceae?); Blattfossil; wahrscheinlich ein Vertreter der Bennettitales |
|
Cycadophyta
|
Cycadophyta indet.342Johnson, K. R. (2003). Overview of the Late Cretaceous, early Paleocene, and early Eocene megafloras of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 101–120. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.101 | Laramie Formation | Colorado | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Palmfarn (Cycadophyta); Blattfossil |
Nilssoniocladus wird hier mit den palmfarnartigen Samenpflanzen und Bennettitales zusammengefasst, weil seine systematische Stellung historisch unterschiedlich beurteilt wurde. Die Gattung wird in neueren Datenbanken den Cycadales zugewiesen, wurde in der Literatur aber auch als cycadeoide beziehungsweise möglicherweise bennettitale Pflanze angesprochen.
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Ginkgos:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Czekanowskia | Czekanowskia sp.343Diepenbrock, J. E. H. (2023). The Ferris Formation: An overlooked yet diverse end-Cretaceous formation in Wyoming. Abstract in 14th Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota. The Anatomical Record, 306(S1). doi:10.1002/ar.25219 | Ferris Formation | Wyoming | 68–66 Ma | selten | Czekanowskiaceae; Blattfossil |
| 2 |
Ginkgo
|
G. adiantoides337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329344Dorf, E. (1942). Upper Cretaceous floras of the Rocky Mountain region. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, 508, 1–168.1Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06) Ginkgo cf. G. spitzbergensis345Barclay, R. S. (2003). Stratigraphy and megaflora of a K-T boundary section in the eastern Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 45–71. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.45 Ginkgo sp.343Diepenbrock, J. E. H. (2023). The Ferris Formation: An overlooked yet diverse end-Cretaceous formation in Wyoming. Abstract in 14th Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota. The Anatomical Record, 306(S1). doi:10.1002/ar.25219338Knowlton, F. H. (1922). The Laramie flora of the Denver Basin, with a review of the Laramie problem. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 130, 1–175. |
Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb),Lance Formation,Ferris Formation,Denver Formation (D1-Sequenz),Laramie Formation |
Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado |
68–66 Ma 66–64 Ma | häufig selten | Ginkgoaceae; Blattfossil |
Mehrere Forscher schlagen aufgrund ähnlicher erhaltener molekularer Signaturen fossiler Cuticulae eine enge Verwandtschaft zwischen den (heute ausgestorbenen) Czekanowszien und Ginkgos vor.346Vajda, V. et al. (2017). Molecular signatures of fossil leaves provide unexpected new evidence for extinct plant relationships. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1(8), 1093–1099. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0224-5 Einige Autoren stellen die Ginkgoales und Czekanowskiales gemeinsam in die weiter gefasste Gruppe der Ginkgophyta.347Wang, J.-J. et al. (2022). Numerical taxonomy of Ginkgophyta fossils in China. Historical Biology, 34(10), 2037–2052. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1999939 Die Funde aus der Ferris Formation sind bislang nur vorläufig veröffentlicht worden. Daher lassen sich für Czekanowskia sp. und Ginkgo sp. gegenwärtig weder eine genauere stratigraphische Position noch belastbare Angaben zur Anzahl der bekannten Exemplare nennen.343Diepenbrock, J. E. H. (2023). The Ferris Formation: An overlooked yet diverse end-Cretaceous formation in Wyoming. Abstract in 14th Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota. The Anatomical Record, 306(S1). doi:10.1002/ar.25219
↑ Zurück zu den Pflanzengruppen
Koniferen:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Araucaria
|
Araucaria sp.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIb) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Araukarie (Araucariaceae); Blattfossil |
| 2 | Cryptomeria | C. subulata344Dorf, E. (1942). Upper Cretaceous floras of the Rocky Mountain region. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, 508, 1–168. | Lance Formation | Wyoming | 68–66 Ma | selten | Zypresse (Cupressaceae); Blattfossil |
| 3 |
Cupressinocladus
|
C. interruptus337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.3291Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06) | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa),
Fort Union Formation (FU0, |
Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–65 Ma | sehr häufig | Zypresse (Cupressaceae); Blattfossil |
| 4 |
Dammarites
|
Dammarites sp.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII) | North Dakota, South Dakota |
ca. 66 Ma | häufig | Araukarie (Araucariaceae); Zapfenfossil |
| 5 |
Ditaxocladus
|
D. catenulatus337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII),Fort Union Formation (FUI) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–65 Ma | sehr häufig | Zypresse (Cheirolepidiaceae); Blattfossil; umfasst das zuvor als Androvettia catenulata geführte Material |
| 6 |
Elatides
|
E. longifolia337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIII) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Nadelbaum (Pinophyta); Blattfossil |
| 7 |
Glyptostrobus
|
G. europaeus337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.3291Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06) Glyptostrobus sp.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 |
Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII),Fort Union Formation (FU0, FUI) |
Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–65 Ma 67–66 Ma | sehr häufig häufig | Wasserfichte (Cupressaceae); Blattfossil |
| 8 |
Metasequoia
|
M. cuneata344Dorf, E. (1942). Upper Cretaceous floras of the Rocky Mountain region. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, 508, 1–168. M. occidentalis337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.3291Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)342Johnson, K. R. (2003). Overview of the Late Cretaceous, early Paleocene, and early Eocene megafloras of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 101–120. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.101 Metasequoia sp.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 |
Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII), Lance Formation,Denver Formation (D1-Sequenz),Fort Union Formation (FUI) |
Wyoming, Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma 68–64 Ma | selten sehr häufig häufig | Urweltmammutbaum (Sequoioideae); Blattfossil Urweltmammutbaum (Sequoioideae) |
| 9 |
Sequoia
|
Sequoia sp.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIb, HCIII) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae); Blattfossil |
| 10 |
Sequoites
|
S. artus341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75. | Hell Creek Formation (Brownie Butte) | Montana | 68–66 Ma | häufig | Mammutbaum (Sequoioideae); Blattfossil |
| 11 |
Taxodium
|
T. olrikii337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIII),Fort Union Formation (FU0, FUI) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–65 Ma | häufig | Sumpfzypresse (Taxodioideae); Blattfossil; Zuordnung zur Gattung nicht vollständig gesichert |
| Cupressaceae | Cupressaceae indet.345Barclay, R. S. (2003). Stratigraphy and megaflora of a K-T boundary section in the eastern Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 45–71. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.45 | Denver Formation (D1-Sequenz) | Colorado | ca. 66 Ma | selten | Zypresse (Cupressaceae); Blattfossil |
↑ Zurück zu den Pflanzengruppen
Blütenpflanzen:
| # | Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Häufigkeit: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Annona
|
A. robusta (?)341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75. | Hell Creek Formation (Brownie Butte) | Montana | 68–66 Ma | selten | Annone (Annonaceae?) |
| 2 |
Araliaephyllum
|
A. polevoi337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII) | North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Araliengewächse (Araliaceae) |
| 3 |
Artocarpus
|
A. lessigiana (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.3291Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06) | Hell Creek Formation (HCIIa, HCIII, Typlokalität) |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Brotfruchtbaum; Maulbeergewächse (Moraceae?) |
| 4 |
Averrhoites |
A. affinis337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329342Johnson, K. R. (2003). Overview of the Late Cretaceous, early Paleocene, and early Eocene megafloras of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 101–120. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.101 | Denver Formation | South Dakota, Colorado |
66–64 Ma | Einzelfund | Sauerkleegewächse (Oxalidaceae) |
| 5 |
Betula
|
B. perantigua (?)1Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06) | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | selten | Birke (Betulaceae?) |
| 6 |
Bisonia
|
B. niemii337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII) | North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Lorbeer (Lauraceae) |
| 7 |
Browniea
|
B. serrata341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75. | Hell Creek Formation (Brownie Butte) | Montana | 68–66 Ma | selten | Tupelo (Nyssaceae) |
| 8 |
Carpites
|
C. ulmiformis337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | selten | unsichere Zuordnung; Doldenblüter (Apiaceae) |
| 9 |
Celastrus
|
C. taurenensis (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75.1Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06) | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb, Brownie Butte, Typlokalität) |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana |
68–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Baumwürger; Spindelbaumgewächse (Celastraceae?) |
| 10 |
Cercidiphyllum
|
C. sp. (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Kuchenbaumgewächse (Cercidiphyllaceae?) |
| 11 |
Cinnamomum
|
C. lineafolia (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Zimtbaum; Lorbeergewächse (Lauraceae?) |
| 12 |
Cissites
|
C. acerifolia (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 C. insignis (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 C. lobata (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 C. puilosokensis (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 |
Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig Einzelfund selten | Weinrebe (Vitaceae) |
| 13 |
Cissus
|
C. marginatus (?)341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75. | Hell Creek Formation (Brownie Butte) | Montana | 68–66 Ma | häufig | Weinrebengewächse (Vitaceae?) |
| 14 |
Cobbania
|
C. corrugata337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 C. hickeyi348Stockey, R. A., Rothwell, G. W. & Johnson, K. R. (2016). Evaluating Relationships among Floating Aquatic Monocots: A New Species of Cobbania (Araceae) from the Upper Maastrichtian of South Dakota. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 177(8), 706–725. doi:10.1086/688285 |
Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb, oberste Schichten) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma ca. 66 Ma | häufig selten | Wassersalat, Aronstabgewächs (Araceae) |
| 15 |
Cornophyllum
|
C. newberryi337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329342Johnson, K. R. (2003). Overview of the Late Cretaceous, early Paleocene, and early Eocene megafloras of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 101–120. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.101 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIIa, HCIII),Denver Formation,Fort Union Formation (FU0, FUI) |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Colorado |
68–64 Ma | sehr häufig | Kornelkirsche, Hartriegelgewächs (Cornaceae) |
| 16 |
Dicotylophyllum
|
D. anomalum337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII),
Fort Union Formation (FU0, |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–64 Ma | sehr häufig | Unsichere Zuordnung, wahrscheinlich eine Magnolie (Magnoliopsida) |
| 17 |
Dombeyopsis
|
D. obtusa (?)341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75. | Hell Creek Formation (Brownie Butte) | Montana | 68–66 Ma | häufig | Malvengewächse (Malvaceae?) |
| 18 |
Dryophyllum
|
D. subfalcatum (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75.1Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)349Riddle, J., Starkey, R. & Persons, W. S. (2026). A fossil-leaf and insect-trace assemblage from the Glenrock Exposure of the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation, Wyoming. Cretaceous Research, 184, 106368. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2026.106368 D. tennesseensis (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329349Riddle, J., Starkey, R. & Persons, W. S. (2026). A fossil-leaf and insect-trace assemblage from the Glenrock Exposure of the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation, Wyoming. Cretaceous Research, 184, 106368. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2026.106368 |
Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII, Brownie Butte, Typlokalität),Lance Formation,Fort Union Formation (FU0) |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming |
68–64 Ma 68–66 Ma | sehr häufig häufig | Silberbaumgewächse (Sabiaceae?) |
| 19 |
Erlingdorfia
|
E. montana337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.3291Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06) | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII, Typlokalität) |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana |
68–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Platane (Platanaceae) |
| 20 |
Ficus
|
F. planicostata (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329338Knowlton, F. H. (1922). The Laramie flora of the Denver Basin, with a review of the Laramie problem. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 130, 1–175. F. trinervis (?)341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75. |
Hell Creek Formation (HCIII, Brownie Butte),Laramie Formation |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Colorado Montana |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Feigenbaum; Maulbeergewächse (Moraceae?) |
| 21 |
Grewiopsis
|
G. mclearni1Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06) G. saportana337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329349Riddle, J., Starkey, R. & Persons, W. S. (2026). A fossil-leaf and insect-trace assemblage from the Glenrock Exposure of the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation, Wyoming. Cretaceous Research, 184, 106368. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2026.106368 |
Hell Creek Formation (Typlokalität, HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII),Lance Formation |
Montana North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming |
68–66 Ma | Einzelfund sehr häufig | Malve (Malvaceae) |
| 22 |
Harmsia
|
H. hydrocotyloidea337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII),
Fort Union Formation (FUI) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–64 Ma | häufig | Unsichere Zuordnung, wahrscheinlich eine Malve (Malvaceae) |
| 23 |
Humulus
|
H. sp. (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII) | North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Hopfen; Hanfgewächse (Cannabaceae?) |
| 24 |
Juglans
|
J. leconteana (?)341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75. | Hell Creek Formation (Brownie Butte) | Montana | 68–66 Ma | selten | Walnussgewächse (Juglandaceae?) |
| 25 |
Laurophyllum
|
L. lanceolatum1Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06) L. wardiana337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 |
Hell Creek Formation (Typlokalität, HCIII) |
Montana North Dakota | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund selten | Lorbeer (Lauraceae) |
| 26 |
Leepierceia
|
L. preartocarpoides337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.3291Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06) | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, Typlokalität) |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana |
68–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Platane (Platanaceae) |
| 27 |
Limnobiophyllum
|
L. scutatum337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIII),Fort Union Formation (FUI) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–64 Ma | häufig | Wasserlinse; Aronstabgewächs (Araceae) |
| 28 |
Liriodendrites
|
L. bradacii337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII) | North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Tulpenbaum (Magnoliaceae) |
| 29 |
Liriodendron
|
L. laramiense (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 L. sp.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 |
Hell Creek Formation (HCIII) | North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | selten | Tulpenbaum (Magnoliaceae) |
| 30 |
Marmarthia
|
M. johnsonii350Peppe, D. J., Erickson, J. M. & Hickey, L. J. (2007). Fossil leaf species from the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous, North Dakota, USA) and their paleogeographic significance. Journal of Paleontology, 81(3), 550–567. doi:10.1666/05067.1 M. pearsonii337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329338Knowlton, F. H. (1922). The Laramie flora of the Denver Basin, with a review of the Laramie problem. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 130, 1–175. M. trivialis337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 |
Hell Creek Formation (HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII),Laramie Formation |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Colorado |
68–66 Ma | Einzelfund sehr häufig | Lorbeer (Lauraceae) |
| 31 |
Myrica
|
M. torreyi (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329338Knowlton, F. H. (1922). The Laramie flora of the Denver Basin, with a review of the Laramie problem. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 130, 1–175. | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII), | North Dakota, Colorado |
68–66 Ma | selten | Gagelstrauchgewächse (Myricaceae?) |
| 32 |
Nelumbium
|
N. montanum337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIIa, HCIII),Fort Union Formation (FUI) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–64 Ma | häufig | Lotus (Nelumbonaceae) |
| 33 |
Nelumbo
|
N. sp.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII) | North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | selten | Lotus (Nelumbonaceae) |
| 34 | Nordenskioldia | N. borealis337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (?),
Fort Union Formation (FU0, |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
66–64 Ma | häufig | Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae) |
| 35 |
Nyssidium
|
N. arcticum337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII),Fort Union Formation (FU0, FUI) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–64 Ma | häufig | Araliengewächs (Araliaceae) |
| 36 |
Palaeoaster
|
P. inquirenda337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII) | North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Mohn (Papaveraceae) |
| 37 |
Paranymphaea
|
P. crassifolia337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 P. hastata337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 |
Hell Creek Formation (?, HCIII),Fort Union Formation (FUI) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
66–64 Ma 68–66 Ma | sehr häufig häufig | Seerose (Nymphaeaceae) |
| 38 |
Penosphyllum
|
P. cordatum337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329342Johnson, K. R. (2003). Overview of the Late Cretaceous, early Paleocene, and early Eocene megafloras of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 101–120. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.101 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII),
Fort Union Formation (FUI) |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Colorado |
68–64 Ma | häufig | Stinkbaum; Malvengewächse (Malvaceae) |
| 39 | Phragmites | P. falcata (?)338Knowlton, F. H. (1922). The Laramie flora of the Denver Basin, with a review of the Laramie problem. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 130, 1–175. | Laramie Formation | Colorado | 69–68 Ma | selten | Süßgräser (Poaceae?); Blattfossil |
| 40 |
Platanites
|
P. marginata337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329338Knowlton, F. H. (1922). The Laramie flora of the Denver Basin, with a review of the Laramie problem. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 130, 1–175. P. raynoldsii337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 |
Hell Creek Formation (HCIII),
Fort Union Formation (FU0, |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Colorado |
68–66 Ma 68–64 Ma | sehr häufig | Platane (Platanaceae) |
| 41 |
Platanophyllum
|
P. sp.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.3291Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06) | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIII, Typlokalität) |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Platane (Platanaceae) |
| 42 |
Populus
|
P. nebrascensis (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII),
Fort Union Formation (FU0, |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–64 Ma | sehr häufig | Pappel; Weidengewächse (Salicaceae?) |
| 43 |
Porosia
|
P. verrucosa337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII) | North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | selten | Zitrusbaum; Rautengewächs (Rutaceae) |
| 44 | Potamogeton | P. sp.342Johnson, K. R. (2003). Overview of the Late Cretaceous, early Paleocene, and early Eocene megafloras of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 38(1), 101–120. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.38.1.101 | Denver Formation | Colorado | 66–64 Ma | selten | Laichkrautgewächse (Potamogetonaceae); Blattfossil |
| 45 |
Quereuxia
|
Q. angulata337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII),Fort Union Formation (FUI) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–64 Ma | sehr häufig | Wassernuss (Lythraceae) |
| 46 |
Rhamnica
|
R. cleburnii337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Kreuzdorn (Rhamnaceae) |
| 47 |
Rhamnus
|
R. salicifolius (?)341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75. | Hell Creek Formation (Brownie Butte) | Montana | 68–66 Ma | selten | Kreuzdorngewächse (Rhamnaceae?) |
| 48 |
Sabalites
|
S. sp.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329338Knowlton, F. H. (1922). The Laramie flora of the Denver Basin, with a review of the Laramie problem. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 130, 1–175. | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII),Laramie Formation,Fort Union Formation (FUI) |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Colorado |
68–64 Ma | häufig | Palme (Arecaceae) |
| 49 |
Salix
|
S. sp. (?)341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75. | Hell Creek Formation (Brownie Butte) | Montana | 68–66 Ma | selten | Weide; Weidengewächse (Salicaceae?) |
| 50 |
Sarcandra
|
S. sp.1Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06) | Hell Creek Formation (Typlokalität) | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Einzelfund | Chloranthaceae |
| 51 |
Spinifructus
|
S. antiquus351McIver, E. E. (2002). The paleoenvironment of Tyrannosaurus rex from southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39(2), 207–221. doi:10.1139/e01-073 | Hell Creek Formation (Dawson County Beds) | Montana | 68–66 Ma | selten | Palme (Arecaceae); Fruchtfossil |
| 52 |
Symplocarpus
|
S. hoffmaniae352Bogner, J. et al. (2007). New fossil leaves of Araceae from the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene of western North America. Zitteliana A, 47, 133–147. | Hell Creek Formation (Dean Street) | North Dakota | 68–66 Ma | selten | Stinkkohl (Araceae) |
| 53 |
Trochodendroides
|
T. arctica341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75. T. ellipticum337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 T. genetrix337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 T. nebrascensis337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 |
Hell Creek Formation (Brownie Butte, HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIII),Fort Union Formation (FUI, FU0) |
Montana North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma 68–64 Ma | selten sehr häufig häufig | Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae) |
| 54 |
Viburnum
|
V. sp. (?)341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75. | Hell Creek Formation (Brownie Butte) | Montana | 68–66 Ma | selten | Schneeball; Moschuskrautgewächse (Adoxaceae?) |
| 55 |
Vitis
|
V. stantonii (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.3291Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06)349Riddle, J., Starkey, R. & Persons, W. S. (2026). A fossil-leaf and insect-trace assemblage from the Glenrock Exposure of the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation, Wyoming. Cretaceous Research, 184, 106368. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2026.106368 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIb, HCIIa, HCIIb, HCIII, Typlokalität),Lance Formation |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming |
68–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Weinrebengewächse (Vitaceae?); möglicherweise Platanengewächse (Platanaceae?) |
| 56 |
Zingiberopsis
|
Z. attenuata337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 Z. magnifolia341Shoemaker, R. E. (1966). Fossil leaves of the Hell Creek and Tullock Formations of eastern Montana. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 119, 54–75. |
Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIb, Brownie Butte) |
North Dakota, South Dakota Montana |
68–66 Ma | häufig selten | Ingwer (Zingiberaceae) |
| 57 |
Ziziphus
|
Z. fibrillosus (?)337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII) | North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Kreuzdorngewächse (Rhamnaceae?); möglicherweise Pfeffergewächse (Piperaceae?) |
| 58 |
Zizyphoides
|
Z. flabella337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.3291Arens, N. C. & Allen, S. E. (2014). A florule from the base of the Hell Creek Formation in the type area of eastern Montana – implications for vegetation and climate. In Wilson, G. P. et al. (Hg.), Through the End of the Cretaceous in the Type Locality of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and Adjacent Areas. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 503, 173–207. doi:10.1130/2014.2503(06) | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIb, Typlokalität),Fort Union Formation (FU0, FUI) |
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana |
68–64 Ma | sehr häufig | Wahrscheinlich ein Kuchenbaum (Cercidiphyllaceae) |
| Angiospermae | Angiospermae indet.343Diepenbrock, J. E. H. (2023). The Ferris Formation: An overlooked yet diverse end-Cretaceous formation in Wyoming. Abstract in 14th Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota. The Anatomical Record, 306(S1). doi:10.1002/ar.25219 | Ferris Formation | Wyoming | 68–66 Ma | selten | Bislang unbestimmte Blütenpflanzen | |
|
Berberidaceae
|
Berberidaceae indet.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIII) | North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Berberitze (Berberidaceae) | |
|
Cannabaceae
|
Cannabaceae indet.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIb, HCIIa) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Hanfgewächs (Cannabaceae) | |
|
Fagaceae
|
Fagaceae indet.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIa) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | selten | Buche (Fagaceae) | |
| Lauraceae | Lauraceae indet.349Riddle, J., Starkey, R. & Persons, W. S. (2026). A fossil-leaf and insect-trace assemblage from the Glenrock Exposure of the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation, Wyoming. Cretaceous Research, 184, 106368. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2026.106368 | Lance Formation | Wyoming | 68–66 Ma | selten | Lorbeergewächse (Lauraceae); Blattfossil |
|
|
Magnoliaceae
|
Magnoliaceae indet.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIa, HCIII) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Magnolie (Magnoliaceae) | |
| Platanaceae | Platanaceae indet.349Riddle, J., Starkey, R. & Persons, W. S. (2026). A fossil-leaf and insect-trace assemblage from the Glenrock Exposure of the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation, Wyoming. Cretaceous Research, 184, 106368. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2026.106368 | Lance Formation | Wyoming | 68–66 Ma | selten | Platanengewächse (Platanaceae); Blattfossil |
|
|
Ranunculaceae
|
Ranunculaceae indet.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIb, HCIIb) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Hahnenfußgewächs (Ranunculaceae) | |
|
Rhamnaceae
|
Rhamnaceae indet.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIIa, HCIII) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Kreuzdorn (Rhamnaceae) | |
|
Rosaceae
|
Rosaceae indet.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIa, HCIIb, HCIII) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | sehr häufig | Rosengewächs (Rosaceae) | |
| Trochodendraceae | Trochodendraceae indet.349Riddle, J., Starkey, R. & Persons, W. S. (2026). A fossil-leaf and insect-trace assemblage from the Glenrock Exposure of the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation, Wyoming. Cretaceous Research, 184, 106368. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2026.106368 | Lance Formation | Wyoming | 68–66 Ma | selten | Trochodendraceae; Blattfossil |
|
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Urticaceae
|
Urticaceae indet.337Johnson, K. R. (2002). Megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in the western Dakotas – vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. In Hartman, J. H., Johnson, K. R. & Nichols, D. J. (Hg.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 329–391. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2361-2.329 | Hell Creek Formation (HCIb, HCIIb) |
North Dakota, South Dakota |
68–66 Ma | häufig | Brennnessel (Urticaceae) |
↑ Zurück zu den Pflanzengruppen
Pollen und Sporen:
| Gattungen: | Arten: | Formationen: | Fundorte: | Alter: | Bemerkungen: |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abietineaepollenites | A. foveoreticulatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. microalatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. varius353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Kiefernartige Konifere (Pinaceae?) |
| Acanthotriletes | A. levidensis353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Farn oder Bärlapp (unsicher) |
| Alnipollenites | A. verus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Birkengewächse (Betulaceae?) |
| Appendicisporites | A. tricornitatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Kletterfarngewächse (Schizaeaceae?) |
| Aquilapollenites | A. amplus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. attenuatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. bertillonites336Erickson, J. M. et al. (2010). Late Maastrichtian palynomorphs from the Linton Member of the Fox Hills Formation in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 250. Online A. collaris353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. conatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. delicatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. marmarthensis353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. polaris353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. pulvinus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. pyriformis353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. quadricretaeus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. quadrilobus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. reductus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online336Erickson, J. M. et al. (2010). Late Maastrichtian palynomorphs from the Linton Member of the Fox Hills Formation in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 250. Online A. reticulatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. senonicus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online A. striatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online354Nichols, D. J. & Fleming, R. F. (2002). Palynology and palynostratigraphy of Maastrichtian, Paleocene, and Eocene strata in the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 37(2), 135–163. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.135 A. turbidus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation, Laramie Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota |
72–66 Ma | Sandelholzartige Blütenpflanze (Santalales?) |
| Azolla | A. cretacea353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Schwimmfarn (Salviniaceae) |
| Balmeisporites | Balmeisporites sp.353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Möglicherweise Brachsenkrautartige (Isoetales?) |
| Calamospora | C. mesozoica353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Schachtelhalmartige Pflanze (Equisetales?) |
| Camarozonosporites | C. heskemensis353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Moos oder Bärlapp (unsicher) |
| Cicatricosisporites | C. carlylensis353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online C. dorogensis353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Kletterfarngewächse (Schizaeaceae?) |
| Cingulatisporites | C. dakotaensis353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online C. scabratus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Farn oder Bärlapp (unsicher) |
| Clavatricolpites | C. prolatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Blütenpflanze (Eudikotyledonen; nähere Zugehörigkeit unbekannt) |
| Concavisporites | C. rugulatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Farn (Familie unbekannt) |
| Converrucosisporites | Converrucosisporites sp.353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Farn oder Bärlapp (unsicher) |
| Corylus | C. granilabratus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Birkengewächse (Betulaceae?) |
| Cranwellia | Cranwellia spp.355Leffingwell, H. A. (1971). Palynology of the Lance (Late Cretaceous) and Fort Union (Paleocene) Formations of the type Lance area, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 127, 1–64. doi:10.1130/SPE127-P1356Farabee, M. J. & Canright, J. E. (1986). Stratigraphic palynology of the lower part of the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian) of Wyoming. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 199, 1–89. | Lance Formation | Wyoming | 68–66 Ma | Ausgestorbene Blütenpflanze; nähere Zugehörigkeit unbekannt |
| Cupanieidites | C. major353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Seifenbaumgewächse (Sapindaceae?) |
| Cyathidites | C. foveolatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online C. minor353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Baumfarnartige Pflanze (Cyatheales?) |
| Cycadopites | C. scabratus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Palmfarn oder Bennettitales (unsicher) |
| Deltoidospora | D. diaphana353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Farn (Familie unbekannt) |
| Dicotetradites | D. granulatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Blütenpflanze (Eudikotyledonen; nähere Zugehörigkeit unbekannt) |
| Ephedripites | E. ovatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online E. undulatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Meerträubelgewächse (Ephedraceae?) |
| Erdtmanipollis | E. cretaceus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Erdtmanithecales; ausgestorbene Samenpflanze |
| unbestimmte Farnsporen336Erickson, J. M. et al. (2010). Late Maastrichtian palynomorphs from the Linton Member of the Fox Hills Formation in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 250. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | (Farn) | |
| Gleicheniidites | G. excelsus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online G. senonicus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Gabelblattfarngewächse (Gleicheniaceae?) |
| Gnetaceaepollenites | G. eocenipites353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Gnetophyten (Gnetales?) |
| Haloragacidites | H. quadratus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Tausendblattgewächse (Haloragaceae?) |
| Hamulatisporis | H. hamulatis353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Farn (Familie unbekannt) |
| Hymenophyllumsporites | H. parvus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online H. pseudomaximus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Hautfarngewächse (Hymenophyllaceae?) |
| Ilexpollenites | I. compactus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online354Nichols, D. J. & Fleming, R. F. (2002). Palynology and palynostratigraphy of Maastrichtian, Paleocene, and Eocene strata in the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 37(2), 135–163. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.135 | Hell Creek Formation, | Montana, Colorado |
69–66 Ma | Stechpalmengewächse (Aquifoliaceae?) |
| Inaperturopollenites | I. rugulatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Konifere, wahrscheinlich Zypressengewächse (Cupressaceae?) |
| Interpollis | Interpollis cf. supplingensis353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online354Nichols, D. J. & Fleming, R. F. (2002). Palynology and palynostratigraphy of Maastrichtian, Paleocene, and Eocene strata in the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 37(2), 135–163. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.135 | Hell Creek Formation, | Montana, Colorado |
69–66 Ma | Ausgestorbene Blütenpflanze der Normapolles-Gruppe |
| unbestimmte Koniferenpollen336Erickson, J. M. et al. (2010). Late Maastrichtian palynomorphs from the Linton Member of the Fox Hills Formation in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 250. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | (Nadelbaum) | |
| Kurtzipites | K. trispissatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Vielleicht Hartriegelartige (Cornales?) |
| Laevigatosporites | L. anomalus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online L. discordatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online L. gracilis353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online L. ovatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Tüpfelfarnartige Pflanze (Polypodiales?) |
| Liliacidites | L. complexus355Leffingwell, H. A. (1971). Palynology of the Lance (Late Cretaceous) and Fort Union (Paleocene) Formations of the type Lance area, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 127, 1–64. doi:10.1130/SPE127-P1356Farabee, M. J. & Canright, J. E. (1986). Stratigraphic palynology of the lower part of the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian) of Wyoming. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 199, 1–89. Liliacidites sp.353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online L. variegatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation |
Wyoming Montana | 68–66 Ma | Einkeimblättrige Blütenpflanze (Monokotyledonen?) |
| Lycopodiumsporites | L. austroclavatidites353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Bärlappgewächse (Lycopodiaceae?) |
| Momipites | M. circularis353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online M. parvus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Walnussgewächse (Juglandaceae?) |
| Monosulcites | M. carpentieri353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online M. crescentus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online M. latus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online Monosulcites sp.353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online M. tectatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Samenpflanze; Palmfarn, Bennettitales oder Monokotyledone |
| Myrtipites | M. granulatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online M. scabratus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Myrtengewächse (Myrtaceae?) |
| Nyssapollenites | N. analepticus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online N. pseudocruciatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Tupelogewächse (Nyssaceae?) |
| Osmundacidites | O. wellmanii353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Königsfarngewächse (Osmundaceae?) |
| Pachysandra | P. cretaceae353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Buchsbaumgewächse (Buxaceae?) |
| Palmidites | P. maximus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Palmengewächse (Arecaceae?) |
| Pandaniidites | P. radicus355Leffingwell, H. A. (1971). Palynology of the Lance (Late Cretaceous) and Fort Union (Paleocene) Formations of the type Lance area, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 127, 1–64. doi:10.1130/SPE127-P1356Farabee, M. J. & Canright, J. E. (1986). Stratigraphic palynology of the lower part of the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian) of Wyoming. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 199, 1–89. P. typicus355Leffingwell, H. A. (1971). Palynology of the Lance (Late Cretaceous) and Fort Union (Paleocene) Formations of the type Lance area, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 127, 1–64. doi:10.1130/SPE127-P1356Farabee, M. J. & Canright, J. E. (1986). Stratigraphic palynology of the lower part of the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian) of Wyoming. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 199, 1–89. |
Lance Formation | Wyoming | 68–66 Ma | Schraubenbaumgewächse (Pandanaceae?) |
| Peromonolites | P. granulatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Farn (Familie unbekannt) |
| Phyllocladidites | P. mawsonii353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online P. ruei353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Steineibengewächse (Podocarpaceae?) |
| Podocarpidites | P. otagoensis353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Steineibengewächse (Podocarpaceae?) |
| Polyadopollenites | P. psilatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | möglicherweise Hülsenfrüchtler (Fabaceae?) |
| Polycolpites | P. granulatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Blütenpflanze (Eudikotyledonen) |
| Polypodiidites | P. inangahuensis353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Tüpfelfarngewächse (Polypodiaceae?) |
| Porosipollenites | P. porosus336Erickson, J. M. et al. (2010). Late Maastrichtian palynomorphs from the Linton Member of the Fox Hills Formation in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 250. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | (Pollenform) |
| Proteacidites | P. retusus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online355Leffingwell, H. A. (1971). Palynology of the Lance (Late Cretaceous) and Fort Union (Paleocene) Formations of the type Lance area, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 127, 1–64. doi:10.1130/SPE127-P1356Farabee, M. J. & Canright, J. E. (1986). Stratigraphic palynology of the lower part of the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian) of Wyoming. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 199, 1–89. Proteacidites spp.355Leffingwell, H. A. (1971). Palynology of the Lance (Late Cretaceous) and Fort Union (Paleocene) Formations of the type Lance area, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 127, 1–64. doi:10.1130/SPE127-P1356Farabee, M. J. & Canright, J. E. (1986). Stratigraphic palynology of the lower part of the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian) of Wyoming. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 199, 1–89. P. thalmannii353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation, | Montana, Wyoming |
68–66 Ma | Silberbaumgewächse (Proteaceae?) |
| Psilatricolporites | P. prolatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Blütenpflanze (Eudikotyledonen) |
| Pterocaryapollenites | P. stellatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Walnussgewächse (Juglandaceae?) |
| Reticuloidosporites | R. dentatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Farn oder Bärlapp (unsicher) |
| Schizosporis | S. complexus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online S. parvus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Alge oder Pilz; botanische Affinität unsicher |
| Spheripollenites | S. subgranulatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Konifere (Familie unbekannt) |
| Spinamonoporites | S. typicus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Schraubenbaumgewächse (Pandanaceae?) |
| Stereisporites | S. antiquasporites353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online S. psilatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Torfmoos (Sphagnaceae?) |
| Striainaperturites | S. ovatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Samenpflanze unbekannter Zugehörigkeit |
| Styx | S. major353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online S. minor353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Blütenpflanze unbekannter Zugehörigkeit |
| Taxodiaceaepollenites | T. hiatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Zypressengewächse (Cupressaceae) |
| Thomsonipollis | T. magnificus355Leffingwell, H. A. (1971). Palynology of the Lance (Late Cretaceous) and Fort Union (Paleocene) Formations of the type Lance area, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 127, 1–64. doi:10.1130/SPE127-P1356Farabee, M. J. & Canright, J. E. (1986). Stratigraphic palynology of the lower part of the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian) of Wyoming. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 199, 1–89. | Lance Formation | Wyoming | 68–66 Ma | Blütenpflanze unbekannter Zugehörigkeit |
| Triatriopollenites | T. granilabratus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Birken- oder Gagelstrauchgewächse (Betulaceae/Myricaceae?) |
| Tricolpites | T. anguloluminosus355Leffingwell, H. A. (1971). Palynology of the Lance (Late Cretaceous) and Fort Union (Paleocene) Formations of the type Lance area, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 127, 1–64. doi:10.1130/SPE127-P1356Farabee, M. J. & Canright, J. E. (1986). Stratigraphic palynology of the lower part of the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian) of Wyoming. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 199, 1–89. T. bacustriatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. delicatulus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. foveolatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. interangulus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online354Nichols, D. J. & Fleming, R. F. (2002). Palynology and palynostratigraphy of Maastrichtian, Paleocene, and Eocene strata in the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 37(2), 135–163. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.135 T. parvistriatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. psilascabratus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. reticulatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. striatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation,Laramie Formation |
Wyoming, Montana, Colorado |
68–66 Ma 69–66 Ma | Blütenpflanze (Eudikotyledonen) |
| Tricolpopollenites | T. clavireticulatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. megaexactus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. microreticulatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. microscabratus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. spp.353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Blütenpflanze (Eudikotyledonen) |
| Tricolporopollenites | T. elongatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. foveotectatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. granustriatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. megaexactus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. prolatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online T. striatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Blütenpflanze (Eudikotyledonen) |
| Triplanosporites | T. sinuosus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Farn (Familie unbekannt) |
| Triporopollenites | T. rugatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Blütenpflanze (Eudikotyledonen; nähere Zugehörigkeit unbekannt) |
| Tschudypollis | T. spp.336Erickson, J. M. et al. (2010). Late Maastrichtian palynomorphs from the Linton Member of the Fox Hills Formation in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 250. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | (Pollenform) |
| Ulmipollenites | U. undulosus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online U. verrucatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online |
Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Ulmengewächse (Ulmaceae?) |
| Ulmoideipites | U. tricostatus353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Ulmengewächse (Ulmaceae?) |
| Wodehouseia | W. spinata353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online355Leffingwell, H. A. (1971). Palynology of the Lance (Late Cretaceous) and Fort Union (Paleocene) Formations of the type Lance area, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 127, 1–64. doi:10.1130/SPE127-P1356Farabee, M. J. & Canright, J. E. (1986). Stratigraphic palynology of the lower part of the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian) of Wyoming. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 199, 1–89.354Nichols, D. J. & Fleming, R. F. (2002). Palynology and palynostratigraphy of Maastrichtian, Paleocene, and Eocene strata in the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 37(2), 135–163. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.135336Erickson, J. M. et al. (2010). Late Maastrichtian palynomorphs from the Linton Member of the Fox Hills Formation in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 250. Online | Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation, Denver Formation, Fox Hills Formation |
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming |
72–66 Ma | Unbekannte, vermutlich an Feuchtgebiete angepasste Blütenpflanze |
| Zlivisporis | Z. blanensis353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online | Hell Creek Formation | Montana | 68–66 Ma | Kletterfarnartiger (Schizaeales?) |
| Angiospermae indet.336Erickson, J. M. et al. (2010). Late Maastrichtian palynomorphs from the Linton Member of the Fox Hills Formation in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 250. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | unbestimmte Blütenpflanzen | |
| Bryophyta indet.336Erickson, J. M. et al. (2010). Late Maastrichtian palynomorphs from the Linton Member of the Fox Hills Formation in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 250. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | Moos | |
| Gnetales indet.336Erickson, J. M. et al. (2010). Late Maastrichtian palynomorphs from the Linton Member of the Fox Hills Formation in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 250. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | (Gnetale) | |
| Lycopodiophyta indet.336Erickson, J. M. et al. (2010). Late Maastrichtian palynomorphs from the Linton Member of the Fox Hills Formation in south-central North Dakota. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 42(5), 250. Online | Fox Hills Formation | USA (North Dakota) | 72–66 Ma | (Bärlapppflanze) |
Die umfassendste taxonomische Bearbeitung der Palynomorphen aus der Typlokalität der Hell Creek Formation stammt von Norton & Hall. Die Lance Formation wurde monografisch von Leffingwell sowie für ihren unteren Abschnitt von Farabee & Canright untersucht; die Palynostratigraphie der Laramie- und Denver Formation folgt Nichols & Fleming.353Norton, N. J. & Hall, J. W. (1969). Palynology of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the type locality of the Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U. S. A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 125, 1–64. Online355Leffingwell, H. A. (1971). Palynology of the Lance (Late Cretaceous) and Fort Union (Paleocene) Formations of the type Lance area, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 127, 1–64. doi:10.1130/SPE127-P1356Farabee, M. J. & Canright, J. E. (1986). Stratigraphic palynology of the lower part of the Lance Formation (Maastrichtian) of Wyoming. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 199, 1–89.354Nichols, D. J. & Fleming, R. F. (2002). Palynology and palynostratigraphy of Maastrichtian, Paleocene, and Eocene strata in the Denver Basin, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology, 37(2), 135–163. doi:10.2113/gsrocky.37.2.135 Die Zuordnung fossiler Pollen- und Sporenmorphotypen zu ihren Erzeugerpflanzen ist häufig unsicher. Ein Fragezeichen hinter dem Familien- oder Ordnungsnamen kennzeichnet eine wahrscheinliche morphologische Affinität; Angaben ohne Fragezeichen gelten als hinreichend abgesichert. „Unbekannt“ bedeutet, dass sich das Morphotaxon gegenwärtig keiner bestimmten Pflanzengruppe verlässlich zuordnen lässt.
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Forschung und Ausstellung
Diese schiere Anzahl der Fossilien, die entlang der Gestade des Binnenmeeres und schon allein in der Hell Creek Formation gefunden wurden, verblüfft umso mehr, wenn man sich vor Augen führt, dass nur ein Bruchteil der urzeitlichen Lebewesen überhaupt die Chance bekam, als Fossil überliefert zu werden. Und immer noch und immer wieder werden neue Arten aus diesen Lagerstätten beschrieben! Trotz des umfangreichen Fossilberichts ist uns das wahre Ausmaß der dortigen Artenvielfalt also noch gar nicht bekannt, und wird uns wahrscheinlich leider auch niemals vollständig bekannt sein. Wir haben zum Beispiel nur sehr wenige Arthropoden (Gliederfüßer) aus diesen Lagerstätten beschrieben. Heute bilden Insekten den größten Teil der Artenvielfalt eines Ökosystems ab. Da Hell Creek und Lance in einem sehr wasserreichen Lebensraum entstanden, überrascht es, dass wir sowohl von ihnen als auch von den wahrscheinlich zahlreichen Krebstieren noch kaum etwas wissen. Weiter landeinwärts gab es offenbar ausgedehnte Waldgebiete. Aber außer Kohle finden sich dort ebenfalls kaum Fossilien von Tieren. Viele von ihnen, vielleicht auch einige Spezies von Dinosauriern, die in diesen Wäldern lebten, sind also wahrscheinlich nicht bis heute als Fossil erhalten geblieben, sodass wir nie von ihnen erfahren werden.
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Weltweit werden etliche Nachbildungen und sogar einige Originalfossilien von vielen dieser interessanten Lebewesen gezeigt, sogar bei uns in Deutschland in allen größeren Museen. Die größte Sammlung von Fossilien aus beiden Formationen wird jedoch im Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman (Montana) aufbewahrt und ausgestellt. Die gezeigten Exemplare stammen aus dem Hell Creek Project, einer Initiative des Museums, der Montana State University, der University of Washington, der University of California in Berkeley, der University of North Dakota und der University of North Carolina, die bereits 1998 begann. 1966 wurde das Hell Creek Fossil Area vom National Park Service als National Natural Landmark ausgewiesen.357Boswell, E. (2007). Paradise in Hell Creek. Montana State University News. 2. April 2007. |
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Fossilbericht der Pilze, Pollen und Pflanzen


